Europe in the Contemporary World: 1900 to Present A Narrative History with Documents
, by Smith, Bonnie G.
- ISBN: 9780312406998 | 0312406991
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 2/13/2007
Offering a twenty-first century perspective on twentieth-century Europe, pre-eminent scholar Bonnie Smith's engaging new synthesis is the first text to provide both a thorough integration of social and cultural material with political history and substantive treatment of Europe's broader global context. Each of the twelve chapters combines compelling narrative with a wonderfully rich set of primary texts and picture essays, reinforcing for students the importance of primary sources to the study of history. Neither overtly triumphalist nor disparaging, this even-handed and thoughtful account takes the full measure of Europe's negative and positive legacies at home and its impact on and interactions with the world at large.
BONNIE G. SMITH is the Board of Governors Professor of History at Rutgers University. She is the author of Confessions of a Concierge: Madame Lucie's History of Twentieth-Century France (1985); Changing Lives: Women in European History Since 1700 (1989); The Gender of History: Men, Women, and Historical Practice (1998); Imperialism (2000); and The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. She is the editor of Global Feminisms since 1945 (2000) and coeditor of Objects of Modernity: Selected Writings of Lucy Maynard Salmon, Gendering Disability (2004) and the forthcoming Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Smith has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the National Humanities Center, and the American Council of Learned Societies. Currently she is studying the globalization of European culture since the seventeenth century.
Preface for Instructors
Introduction for Students
1. IMPERIAL EUROPE AT THE DAWN OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Europe's Peoples and Nations in the Global Order
Prosperity for States and Society
Great Britain: Greatest of the European Powers
France: Britain's Rival and Germany's Enemy
Germany: Europe's Rising Star
Austria-Hungary: The Clash of Ethnicities
Russia: The Imperial Colossus
The Ottoman Empire: Sick Man of Europe?
Society in the Age of Empire
Social and Cultural Influence of Empire
Daily Life and Leisure Time
Europe in an Age of Migration
Changing Families and Family Economies
Regional Migration and Urbanization
Global Migration
Nationalism and the Evolving Nation State
The Growth of Nationalist Feeling
The Nation-State Versus the Ethnic Nationalism of Minorities
The Growth of Militant Nationalism
Empires in Jeopardy
Conflict and Conquest in Africa
The Russian and Ottoman Empires in Crisis
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Migrant Life in 1900
1.1 Marie-Catherine Gardez Santerre, Oral history, early 1970s
Imperial Dreams, Imperial Realities
1.2 Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man's Burden," 1899
1.3 Lothar von Trotha, writings from October, 1904. Proclamation and @a=Accompanying Letters to Troops and to General Staff
Japan's Challenge to the West
1.4 Count Shigenobu Okuma, "The Rise of Japan Was Not Unexpected," 1904
PICTURE ESSAY:
Europe's Global Aura in an Age of Nationalism
Aristocrats on the Grand Tour in Egypt; Boy in a sailor suit; White Tea Party in India with Native Retinue; Advertisement for Pears' Soap; European dress influenced by Asian fashions; Immigrants at Ellis Island.
2. MODERNITY AND THE UNSETTLING OF EUROPE, 1900–1914
The Many Faces of Modernity
Modern Technology
Life in the Modern City
Gender Roles and Sexual Life
Modernity and the Rise of Mass Politics
Working-Class Politics
Feminists on the March
The Arts and Philosophy Embrace Modernity
Innovation in the Arts
Modernism in Thought
The Road to War
Military Buildup amid Shifting Alliances
Internal Problems of the Great Powers
Balkan and Great Power Instability
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
The Automobile
2.1 Anthony Rhodes, Louis Renault. A Biography, 1969
2.2 "Motorwagen," article, 1909
2.3 "Camping" newspaper article in Allgemeine Automobil-Zeitung, 1914
The Struggle for Women's Suffrage
2.4 Emmeline Pankhurst, My Story, 1914
Elites and the Spiritual Future of Europe
2.5 F. W. Marinetti, "Manifesto of Futurism" 1909
2.6 Wassily Kandinsky, Concerning the Spiritual in Art, 1911
PICTURE ESSAY:
Cross-Cultural Borrowing in Modern Art
Picasso, Desmoiselles d'Avignon; "Head" by Amedeo Modigliani; Constantin Brancusi, Sculpture; Gustav Klimt, Embrace of Isis and Osiris; Paula Modersohn-Becker, Portrait; "Primitive" from Sacre du Printemps.
3. WORLD WAR I AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, 1914–1922
World War I Begins
The Opening Battles
War Aims and the Struggle for Victory, 1915–1916
The Soldier's War
The Home Front
Politics End
Propaganda and Censorship
War Transforms Society
From War Fever to Revolution
Containing Revolt during Wartime
The Russian Revolution
Civil War Begins in Russia
The Great War Ends
The Struggle to End the War
Making Peace in the Midst of Revolution
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
War and the Individual
3.1 Johannes Haas, Letter, 1915
3.2 Khan Mahomed Khan, Letter, October 11, 1917
3.3 Maria Luisa Perduca, A Hospital Year, 1917
Lenin's April Theses: A Program for Immediate Action
3.4 V.I. Lenin, "April Theses," 1917
The Mandate System
3.5 Articles 22 and 23 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, 1920
PICTURE ESSAY:
The Home Front
Women coke workers; Poster of Teutonic Knight; The Gentle German (poster); Red Cross or Iron Cross?; A Republican barricade in Dublin; Greek refugees from Turkey.
4. A WORLD TRANSFORMED, 1920–1929
The Search for Stability
An Unsettled Peace
The Weimar Experiment
New Nations in Eastern and Southeastern Europe
Political and Economic Recovery in Great Britain and France
Society Recovers
Remembering the Great War
From Wartime to Peacetime Productivity
Social Change in the Postwar Years
Leisure and Consumerism
Resurgence of Empire in an Age of Unrest
A Growing Imperial Appetite
Postwar Imperial Policies and Colonial Upheaval
Mass Resistance Grows
An Age of Extremes
Utopias and Dystopias
Utopian Dreams in the Soviet Union
Fascist Triumph in Italy
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Hitler and Fascism
4.1 Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf 1925–1926
Gandhi's Attack on European Civilization
4.2 Mohandas Gandhi, "The Inwardness of Non-Co-operation" 1920
4.3 Mohandas Gandhi, "Answers to Drew Pearson's Questions" 1924
Love and Sexuality in Postwar Society: The Communist Case
4.4 Aleksandra Kollontai, "Make Way for Winged Eros," 1923
PICTURE ESSAY:
Building the Future
Underground fixture; Moscow Metro; Vienna worker housing; German worker housing; Bungalow; Stockholm Public Library.
5. FACING GLOBAL ECONOMIC DEPRESSION, 1929–1939
Crash and Depression
The Depression Comes to Europe
Pressures on Society
The Impact Abroad
The Triumph of Dictatorship
Hitler's Rise to Power
Nazi Doctrine
The Nazi Regime in Action
Persecution of Jews and the Flight from Terror
The USSR under Stalin: Collectivization, Modernization, Urbanization, and Culturalization
The Democracies Search for Solutions
Britain and France Defend Democracy
Sweden Builds a Welfare State
Cultural Leaders Take Action
The Road to Global War
Surging Global Imperialism: Japan, Italy, and Germany
The Spanish Civil War
Hitler Conquers Central Europe
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Sweden's Battle for Population
5.1 Alva Myrdal, Nation and Family: The Swedish Experiment in @h=Democratic Family and Population Policy, 1941.
The Secret Poetry of Stalinism
5.2 Anna Akhmatova, "Requiem," 1930s–1960s
Japan on the Move
5.3 Draft of Basic Plan for Establishment of Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 1942
PICTURE ESSAY:
The Machine, the Military, and the Masses
The Tiller Girls; Women's League of Health and Beauty; Exercising British Women; Nazi Pomp; Soviet Women Marchers; Boy Scouts in Vienna; Fascist Blackshirts in Italy.
6. THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPE, 1939–1945
Rapid Victories
The German Onslaught
The Expansion of War and Operation Barbarossa
War Opens in the Pacific
The Grand Alliance
A War Against Civilians
Occupation and Collaboration
Holocaust
Militarizing Nation and Empire
Societies in Wartime
Impact of the War Overseas
Men in Combat
Resistance
The World War Ends and the Cold War Begins
The Axis on the Defensive
Surrender in Europe and the Defeat of Japan
The Emergence of the Superpowers
Toward the Cold War
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
The War Against Civilians
6.1 London Diary (anonymous), 1941
6.2 V. S. Kostrovitskaia, Diary, January 1942, April 1943
Literature of the Holocaust
6.3 Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Weczler, "Auschwitz Observed," U.S. War Refugee Board, 1944
6.4 Nelly Sachs, "Already Embraced by the Arm of Heavenly Solace"
World War II and Human Rights
6.5 United Nations, "Universal Declaration of Human Rights," 1948
PICTURE ESSAY:
World War II Propaganda and Modern Racism
Juden Komplot poster; Poster for the female wing of the Hitler Youth; German propaganda cartoon; Hitler as mouse cartoon; Anti-Japanese cartoon of Tojo; "Together," Allied propaganda poster; "Friend or Foe? How to know," diagram.
7. DEVASTATED EUROPE IN AN AGE OF COLD WAR, 1945–1963
Cold War and the New World Politics
Europe in Ruins
The Cold War
Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
The Battle for Germany
Bringing Order to Postwar Europe
Restoring Government
Postwar Society: Women and Refugees
The Revival of Stalinism
Restoring Cultural Values
Contested Memories
From Holocaust to Hope
Existentialism and the Politics of Commitment
The Deepening Cold War
The Arms Race
Cold War Culture
Toward Nuclear Holocaust
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
The Soviet Ambassador Appraises the U.S., 1946
7.1 Nikolai Novikov, Report to Foreign Minister Molotov, September 27, 1946
"What is Woman?... She Is The Other"
7.2 Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1949
The Purges in Czechoslovakia
7.3 Official Account of the trial of Dr. Milada Horáková, 1950
7.4 Milda Horáková, Letter to her daughter before execution, 1950
PICTURE ESSAY:
Cold War Media and the Struggle of Good versus Evil
"Candy-Bomber"; "Escapee across the Berlin Wall"; Soviet Era Kitsch; Still from Goldfinger; Soviet anti-American Cartoon; American anti-Soviet Cartoon; Peace March and Peace Symbol.
8. THE REBIRTH OF PROSPERITY AND THE RISE OF THE WELFARE STATE IN THE 1950S AND EARLY 1960S
The Welfare State
Enacting Social Programs
The Welfare State at Work
Economic Revival East and West
The Common Market
Rebuilding the East European Economy
The Rise of the Technocrats
The Politics of Prosperity
Revolt and Reform in the Soviet Sphere
Cultural Thaw Leads to Further Revolt
Conservative Politics in Western Europe in the 1950s
The Rebirth of Consumerism
Europe Goes Shopping
The Perils and Possibilities of Americanization
Cultural Consumption
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Childhood in the British Welfare State
8.1 Carolyn Kay Steedman, Landscape for a Good Woman, 1986
The Myth of Classlessness
8.2 Milovan Djilas, The New Class, 1957
Teen Culture in the Soviet Union
8.3 D. Belyaev, "Stilyaga," 1949
PICTURE ESSAY:
European Consumerism in the 1950s and 1960s
French refrigerator advertisement; Motorbike; Big TV console with built-in hi-fi; Coca-Cola ad; "Youth and beauty is marvelous" Dermilux ad; ad for luxury chocolate; models in plain Soviet fashions.
9. POST-IMPERIAL EUROPE, CA. 1947 TO 1980
Decolonization
The Legacy of War
Ending the Empire in Asia
The Quest for Autonomy in North Africa and the Middle East
Decolonization in Sub-Saharan Africa
Europe's Empire Comes Home
Refugees and Guest Workers
Civil Rights and Ethnic Politics
A New Society
Social Policy for Migrants
Immigrant Communities
Domestic Life and Gender Roles
Culture After Colonization
Decolonizing the Mind
A New Burst of Cultural Mixture
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Nasser Faces Off with Imperial Europe
9.1 Gamal Abdul Nasser, Speech September 15, 1956
Racial Difference in Postwar Germany
9.2 Abena Adomako, Memoir
A Powerful Voice of Decolonization
9.3 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 1961
PICTURE ESSAY:
The Changing Face of Europe
Exiled Moluccans; Woman in Brixton Market; Indian Man at Cinema; Turkish Émigré Showing Handmade Lace; Conservative Party election Poster; Muslims at Prayer in Marseilles, France; Kaiserslautern Soccer Stars.
10. POST-INDUSTRIAL EUROPE AND ITS CRITICS, 1965–1979
The Technology Revolution
The Information Age: Television and Computers
The Space Age
Revolutions in Biology, Reproductive Technologies, and Sexual Behavior
Postindustrial Economy and Society
Multinational Corporations
The New Worker: the Rise of the Service Sector
Women in the Post-Industrial Economy
The Boom in Research and Education
The Redefined Family
An Age of Protest and Reform
Student Protest
Feminism
1968: Year of Crisis in Western and Eastern Europe
Attacking and Defending an Eroding Status Quo
Oil Crisis and Stagflation
Troubled U.S. Leadership
Repression and Dissent in the Soviet Bloc
Alternative Politics
Environmentalism and the Green Party
Political, Ethnic, and Religious Violence
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
The Post-Industrial Worker and Family Life
10.1 A Day in the Life of a White-Collar Worker in Budapest, 1970s
Gay Liberation
10.2 Gay Liberation Front: Manifesto, 1971, revised 1978
The "Green" Analysis
10.3 Petra Kelly, Fighting for Hope, 1983
PICTURE ESSAY:
Politics in the Streets
London anti-Vietnam war demonstrator; Women demonstrators in Turin; "Don't be sheep" poster; May Day parade in Prague; Dancing on the Silos; A student felled by a flic; Che Guevara.
11. EUROPE CHANGES COURSE: THE 1980S AND BEYOND
Europe Faces the Global Economic Challenge
The Rise of the Pacific Economy
Thatcher Reshapes Political Culture
The Reagan Revolution's Global Impact
Alternatives to Thatcherism
Germany Turns to the Right
France Charts a Different Course
Smaller States Pursue Prosperity
Reformers Change the Soviet Bloc
Gorbachev Comes to Power
Poland and the Birth of Solidarity
The End of the Soviet System
Hungary
Reunification of Germany
Czechoslovakia
Romania
Yugoslavia and the USSR Disintegrate
The Breakup of Yugoslavia
The Soviet Union Comes Apart
The Birth Pains of a New Eastern Europe
An Elusive Market Economy
Post-Communist Culture
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Thatcher and Neo-Liberalism
11.1 Margaret Thatcher, Speech to the Conservative Party Conference, Blackpool, 16 October, 1981; Speech to the Conservative Party Conference, 14 October, 1988
Gorbachev on Glasnost and Perestroika
11.2 Mikhail Gorbachev, Speech to the Communist Party, January 1987
Days of Confusion and Turmoil in Yugoslavia
11.3 Sara Bafo, "Between Despair and Hope: A Belgrade Diary," 1991–1992
11.4 Jelena, 9 Years old, from The Suitcase: Refugee Voices from Bosnia and Croatia
PICTURE ESSAY:
Dissident Art in the Soviet Bloc
Berliner, Picnic in Nature; Endless Train; Russian Trinity; Mother and Child by ArutÃunian; Estonian art; First AptArt Exhibition by the Mukhomor Group.
12. EUROPE IN THE GLOBAL AGE
The Perils and Possibilities of Globalization
Europe and the Environment
Disease and Drug Epidemics
Migration Continues
Global Networks and Organizations
Beyond the Nation-State: Integration and Fragmentation
From Common Market to European Union
East Joins West
Global Cities and Global Citizens
National Fragmentation and the Move for Local Autonomy
The Future of European Society
Population and Prosperity
Neo-liberalism and the Crisis of Social Citizenship
Movements for Human Rights and Equality
Culture and the Global Challenge
Islam Confronts the West
The Global Diffusion of Culture
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Beyond the Nation-State: Global Cities
12.1 Saskia Sassen, from Globalization and Its Discontents, 1998
The Future of Democracy in the Global Age
12.2 Shirley Williams, Can Democracy Survive the Computer?, 1985
Global Human Rights
12.3 Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim, "The Global Refugee Crisis," 1995
PICTURE ESSAY:
Building the Global city, Rebuilding a Global Europe
Paris Library; Hong Kong Skyline; Tokyo; New York; Sony Center, Potsdammerplatz; Beaubourg, Paris; Jewish Museum, Berlin; Helsinki Airport; Prague scaffolded; Prague, Fred & Ginger; Cordoba
Introduction for Students
1. IMPERIAL EUROPE AT THE DAWN OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Europe's Peoples and Nations in the Global Order
Prosperity for States and Society
Great Britain: Greatest of the European Powers
France: Britain's Rival and Germany's Enemy
Germany: Europe's Rising Star
Austria-Hungary: The Clash of Ethnicities
Russia: The Imperial Colossus
The Ottoman Empire: Sick Man of Europe?
Society in the Age of Empire
Social and Cultural Influence of Empire
Daily Life and Leisure Time
Europe in an Age of Migration
Changing Families and Family Economies
Regional Migration and Urbanization
Global Migration
Nationalism and the Evolving Nation State
The Growth of Nationalist Feeling
The Nation-State Versus the Ethnic Nationalism of Minorities
The Growth of Militant Nationalism
Empires in Jeopardy
Conflict and Conquest in Africa
The Russian and Ottoman Empires in Crisis
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Migrant Life in 1900
1.1 Marie-Catherine Gardez Santerre, Oral history, early 1970s
Imperial Dreams, Imperial Realities
1.2 Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man's Burden," 1899
1.3 Lothar von Trotha, writings from October, 1904. Proclamation and @a=Accompanying Letters to Troops and to General Staff
Japan's Challenge to the West
1.4 Count Shigenobu Okuma, "The Rise of Japan Was Not Unexpected," 1904
PICTURE ESSAY:
Europe's Global Aura in an Age of Nationalism
Aristocrats on the Grand Tour in Egypt; Boy in a sailor suit; White Tea Party in India with Native Retinue; Advertisement for Pears' Soap; European dress influenced by Asian fashions; Immigrants at Ellis Island.
2. MODERNITY AND THE UNSETTLING OF EUROPE, 1900–1914
The Many Faces of Modernity
Modern Technology
Life in the Modern City
Gender Roles and Sexual Life
Modernity and the Rise of Mass Politics
Working-Class Politics
Feminists on the March
The Arts and Philosophy Embrace Modernity
Innovation in the Arts
Modernism in Thought
The Road to War
Military Buildup amid Shifting Alliances
Internal Problems of the Great Powers
Balkan and Great Power Instability
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
The Automobile
2.1 Anthony Rhodes, Louis Renault. A Biography, 1969
2.2 "Motorwagen," article, 1909
2.3 "Camping" newspaper article in Allgemeine Automobil-Zeitung, 1914
The Struggle for Women's Suffrage
2.4 Emmeline Pankhurst, My Story, 1914
Elites and the Spiritual Future of Europe
2.5 F. W. Marinetti, "Manifesto of Futurism" 1909
2.6 Wassily Kandinsky, Concerning the Spiritual in Art, 1911
PICTURE ESSAY:
Cross-Cultural Borrowing in Modern Art
Picasso, Desmoiselles d'Avignon; "Head" by Amedeo Modigliani; Constantin Brancusi, Sculpture; Gustav Klimt, Embrace of Isis and Osiris; Paula Modersohn-Becker, Portrait; "Primitive" from Sacre du Printemps.
3. WORLD WAR I AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, 1914–1922
World War I Begins
The Opening Battles
War Aims and the Struggle for Victory, 1915–1916
The Soldier's War
The Home Front
Politics End
Propaganda and Censorship
War Transforms Society
From War Fever to Revolution
Containing Revolt during Wartime
The Russian Revolution
Civil War Begins in Russia
The Great War Ends
The Struggle to End the War
Making Peace in the Midst of Revolution
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
War and the Individual
3.1 Johannes Haas, Letter, 1915
3.2 Khan Mahomed Khan, Letter, October 11, 1917
3.3 Maria Luisa Perduca, A Hospital Year, 1917
Lenin's April Theses: A Program for Immediate Action
3.4 V.I. Lenin, "April Theses," 1917
The Mandate System
3.5 Articles 22 and 23 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, 1920
PICTURE ESSAY:
The Home Front
Women coke workers; Poster of Teutonic Knight; The Gentle German (poster); Red Cross or Iron Cross?; A Republican barricade in Dublin; Greek refugees from Turkey.
4. A WORLD TRANSFORMED, 1920–1929
The Search for Stability
An Unsettled Peace
The Weimar Experiment
New Nations in Eastern and Southeastern Europe
Political and Economic Recovery in Great Britain and France
Society Recovers
Remembering the Great War
From Wartime to Peacetime Productivity
Social Change in the Postwar Years
Leisure and Consumerism
Resurgence of Empire in an Age of Unrest
A Growing Imperial Appetite
Postwar Imperial Policies and Colonial Upheaval
Mass Resistance Grows
An Age of Extremes
Utopias and Dystopias
Utopian Dreams in the Soviet Union
Fascist Triumph in Italy
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Hitler and Fascism
4.1 Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf 1925–1926
Gandhi's Attack on European Civilization
4.2 Mohandas Gandhi, "The Inwardness of Non-Co-operation" 1920
4.3 Mohandas Gandhi, "Answers to Drew Pearson's Questions" 1924
Love and Sexuality in Postwar Society: The Communist Case
4.4 Aleksandra Kollontai, "Make Way for Winged Eros," 1923
PICTURE ESSAY:
Building the Future
Underground fixture; Moscow Metro; Vienna worker housing; German worker housing; Bungalow; Stockholm Public Library.
5. FACING GLOBAL ECONOMIC DEPRESSION, 1929–1939
Crash and Depression
The Depression Comes to Europe
Pressures on Society
The Impact Abroad
The Triumph of Dictatorship
Hitler's Rise to Power
Nazi Doctrine
The Nazi Regime in Action
Persecution of Jews and the Flight from Terror
The USSR under Stalin: Collectivization, Modernization, Urbanization, and Culturalization
The Democracies Search for Solutions
Britain and France Defend Democracy
Sweden Builds a Welfare State
Cultural Leaders Take Action
The Road to Global War
Surging Global Imperialism: Japan, Italy, and Germany
The Spanish Civil War
Hitler Conquers Central Europe
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Sweden's Battle for Population
5.1 Alva Myrdal, Nation and Family: The Swedish Experiment in @h=Democratic Family and Population Policy, 1941.
The Secret Poetry of Stalinism
5.2 Anna Akhmatova, "Requiem," 1930s–1960s
Japan on the Move
5.3 Draft of Basic Plan for Establishment of Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 1942
PICTURE ESSAY:
The Machine, the Military, and the Masses
The Tiller Girls; Women's League of Health and Beauty; Exercising British Women; Nazi Pomp; Soviet Women Marchers; Boy Scouts in Vienna; Fascist Blackshirts in Italy.
6. THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND THE COLLAPSE OF EUROPE, 1939–1945
Rapid Victories
The German Onslaught
The Expansion of War and Operation Barbarossa
War Opens in the Pacific
The Grand Alliance
A War Against Civilians
Occupation and Collaboration
Holocaust
Militarizing Nation and Empire
Societies in Wartime
Impact of the War Overseas
Men in Combat
Resistance
The World War Ends and the Cold War Begins
The Axis on the Defensive
Surrender in Europe and the Defeat of Japan
The Emergence of the Superpowers
Toward the Cold War
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
The War Against Civilians
6.1 London Diary (anonymous), 1941
6.2 V. S. Kostrovitskaia, Diary, January 1942, April 1943
Literature of the Holocaust
6.3 Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Weczler, "Auschwitz Observed," U.S. War Refugee Board, 1944
6.4 Nelly Sachs, "Already Embraced by the Arm of Heavenly Solace"
World War II and Human Rights
6.5 United Nations, "Universal Declaration of Human Rights," 1948
PICTURE ESSAY:
World War II Propaganda and Modern Racism
Juden Komplot poster; Poster for the female wing of the Hitler Youth; German propaganda cartoon; Hitler as mouse cartoon; Anti-Japanese cartoon of Tojo; "Together," Allied propaganda poster; "Friend or Foe? How to know," diagram.
7. DEVASTATED EUROPE IN AN AGE OF COLD WAR, 1945–1963
Cold War and the New World Politics
Europe in Ruins
The Cold War
Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
The Battle for Germany
Bringing Order to Postwar Europe
Restoring Government
Postwar Society: Women and Refugees
The Revival of Stalinism
Restoring Cultural Values
Contested Memories
From Holocaust to Hope
Existentialism and the Politics of Commitment
The Deepening Cold War
The Arms Race
Cold War Culture
Toward Nuclear Holocaust
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
The Soviet Ambassador Appraises the U.S., 1946
7.1 Nikolai Novikov, Report to Foreign Minister Molotov, September 27, 1946
"What is Woman?... She Is The Other"
7.2 Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1949
The Purges in Czechoslovakia
7.3 Official Account of the trial of Dr. Milada Horáková, 1950
7.4 Milda Horáková, Letter to her daughter before execution, 1950
PICTURE ESSAY:
Cold War Media and the Struggle of Good versus Evil
"Candy-Bomber"; "Escapee across the Berlin Wall"; Soviet Era Kitsch; Still from Goldfinger; Soviet anti-American Cartoon; American anti-Soviet Cartoon; Peace March and Peace Symbol.
8. THE REBIRTH OF PROSPERITY AND THE RISE OF THE WELFARE STATE IN THE 1950S AND EARLY 1960S
The Welfare State
Enacting Social Programs
The Welfare State at Work
Economic Revival East and West
The Common Market
Rebuilding the East European Economy
The Rise of the Technocrats
The Politics of Prosperity
Revolt and Reform in the Soviet Sphere
Cultural Thaw Leads to Further Revolt
Conservative Politics in Western Europe in the 1950s
The Rebirth of Consumerism
Europe Goes Shopping
The Perils and Possibilities of Americanization
Cultural Consumption
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Childhood in the British Welfare State
8.1 Carolyn Kay Steedman, Landscape for a Good Woman, 1986
The Myth of Classlessness
8.2 Milovan Djilas, The New Class, 1957
Teen Culture in the Soviet Union
8.3 D. Belyaev, "Stilyaga," 1949
PICTURE ESSAY:
European Consumerism in the 1950s and 1960s
French refrigerator advertisement; Motorbike; Big TV console with built-in hi-fi; Coca-Cola ad; "Youth and beauty is marvelous" Dermilux ad; ad for luxury chocolate; models in plain Soviet fashions.
9. POST-IMPERIAL EUROPE, CA. 1947 TO 1980
Decolonization
The Legacy of War
Ending the Empire in Asia
The Quest for Autonomy in North Africa and the Middle East
Decolonization in Sub-Saharan Africa
Europe's Empire Comes Home
Refugees and Guest Workers
Civil Rights and Ethnic Politics
A New Society
Social Policy for Migrants
Immigrant Communities
Domestic Life and Gender Roles
Culture After Colonization
Decolonizing the Mind
A New Burst of Cultural Mixture
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Nasser Faces Off with Imperial Europe
9.1 Gamal Abdul Nasser, Speech September 15, 1956
Racial Difference in Postwar Germany
9.2 Abena Adomako, Memoir
A Powerful Voice of Decolonization
9.3 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 1961
PICTURE ESSAY:
The Changing Face of Europe
Exiled Moluccans; Woman in Brixton Market; Indian Man at Cinema; Turkish Émigré Showing Handmade Lace; Conservative Party election Poster; Muslims at Prayer in Marseilles, France; Kaiserslautern Soccer Stars.
10. POST-INDUSTRIAL EUROPE AND ITS CRITICS, 1965–1979
The Technology Revolution
The Information Age: Television and Computers
The Space Age
Revolutions in Biology, Reproductive Technologies, and Sexual Behavior
Postindustrial Economy and Society
Multinational Corporations
The New Worker: the Rise of the Service Sector
Women in the Post-Industrial Economy
The Boom in Research and Education
The Redefined Family
An Age of Protest and Reform
Student Protest
Feminism
1968: Year of Crisis in Western and Eastern Europe
Attacking and Defending an Eroding Status Quo
Oil Crisis and Stagflation
Troubled U.S. Leadership
Repression and Dissent in the Soviet Bloc
Alternative Politics
Environmentalism and the Green Party
Political, Ethnic, and Religious Violence
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
The Post-Industrial Worker and Family Life
10.1 A Day in the Life of a White-Collar Worker in Budapest, 1970s
Gay Liberation
10.2 Gay Liberation Front: Manifesto, 1971, revised 1978
The "Green" Analysis
10.3 Petra Kelly, Fighting for Hope, 1983
PICTURE ESSAY:
Politics in the Streets
London anti-Vietnam war demonstrator; Women demonstrators in Turin; "Don't be sheep" poster; May Day parade in Prague; Dancing on the Silos; A student felled by a flic; Che Guevara.
11. EUROPE CHANGES COURSE: THE 1980S AND BEYOND
Europe Faces the Global Economic Challenge
The Rise of the Pacific Economy
Thatcher Reshapes Political Culture
The Reagan Revolution's Global Impact
Alternatives to Thatcherism
Germany Turns to the Right
France Charts a Different Course
Smaller States Pursue Prosperity
Reformers Change the Soviet Bloc
Gorbachev Comes to Power
Poland and the Birth of Solidarity
The End of the Soviet System
Hungary
Reunification of Germany
Czechoslovakia
Romania
Yugoslavia and the USSR Disintegrate
The Breakup of Yugoslavia
The Soviet Union Comes Apart
The Birth Pains of a New Eastern Europe
An Elusive Market Economy
Post-Communist Culture
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Thatcher and Neo-Liberalism
11.1 Margaret Thatcher, Speech to the Conservative Party Conference, Blackpool, 16 October, 1981; Speech to the Conservative Party Conference, 14 October, 1988
Gorbachev on Glasnost and Perestroika
11.2 Mikhail Gorbachev, Speech to the Communist Party, January 1987
Days of Confusion and Turmoil in Yugoslavia
11.3 Sara Bafo, "Between Despair and Hope: A Belgrade Diary," 1991–1992
11.4 Jelena, 9 Years old, from The Suitcase: Refugee Voices from Bosnia and Croatia
PICTURE ESSAY:
Dissident Art in the Soviet Bloc
Berliner, Picnic in Nature; Endless Train; Russian Trinity; Mother and Child by ArutÃunian; Estonian art; First AptArt Exhibition by the Mukhomor Group.
12. EUROPE IN THE GLOBAL AGE
The Perils and Possibilities of Globalization
Europe and the Environment
Disease and Drug Epidemics
Migration Continues
Global Networks and Organizations
Beyond the Nation-State: Integration and Fragmentation
From Common Market to European Union
East Joins West
Global Cities and Global Citizens
National Fragmentation and the Move for Local Autonomy
The Future of European Society
Population and Prosperity
Neo-liberalism and the Crisis of Social Citizenship
Movements for Human Rights and Equality
Culture and the Global Challenge
Islam Confronts the West
The Global Diffusion of Culture
Conclusion
DOCUMENTS
Beyond the Nation-State: Global Cities
12.1 Saskia Sassen, from Globalization and Its Discontents, 1998
The Future of Democracy in the Global Age
12.2 Shirley Williams, Can Democracy Survive the Computer?, 1985
Global Human Rights
12.3 Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim, "The Global Refugee Crisis," 1995
PICTURE ESSAY:
Building the Global city, Rebuilding a Global Europe
Paris Library; Hong Kong Skyline; Tokyo; New York; Sony Center, Potsdammerplatz; Beaubourg, Paris; Jewish Museum, Berlin; Helsinki Airport; Prague scaffolded; Prague, Fred & Ginger; Cordoba
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