European Contributions to Operation Allied

A dispassionate assessment of Operation Allied Force, this book provides perspectives form both sides of the Altanitc as well as political and military implications for the U.S. and its allies.

Preface

iii

Figures

ix

Tables

xi

Summary

xiii

Acknowledgments

xvii

Acronyms

xix

Introduction

1

(8)

Origins of This Report

1

(5)

The Defense Capabilities Initiative

2

(1)

Influence of the European Defense and Security Identity

2

(3)

Agreeing on a Way Ahead

5

(1)

Organization of Subsequent Chapters

6

(3)

Highlights of Operation Allied Force

9

(44)

NATO's Decision to Intervene

9

(9)

The National Contingents

18

(6)

France

18

(3)

Germany

21

(1)

Italy

21

(1)

The Netherlands

22

(1)

The United Kingdom

22

(1)

The United States

23

(1)

Conduct of Air Operations

24

(12)

Targeting

25

(4)

Combat Air Patrol

29

(1)

Reconnaissance

30

(2)

Suppression of Enemy Air Defense

32

(1)

Aerial Refueling

33

(1)

Strike Operations

34

(2)

Disputed tactics

36

(15)

Gradualism

37

(2)

U.S.-Only Information and Operations

39

(2)

Role of Ground Forces

41

(10)

Conclusions

51

(2)

Transatlantic Perspectives

53

(18)

Overall Evaluation of the Campaign

53

(2)

Quality of Interoperability

55

(3)

Secure Communications

56

(1)

Other Interoperability Issues

57

(1)

Operation Allied Force as a Model for Future Allied Operations

58

(3)

Coalition Operations

58

(1)

U.S. Role

58

(1)

Ground Troops

59

(1)

Legal Justification

60

(1)

National Programs Revealing Shortfalls

61

(7)

Precision and All-Weather Capabilities

62

(1)

Cruise Missiles and Standoff Weapons

63

(1)

Electronic Warfare and Suppression of Enemy Air Defense

64

(1)

Strategic Airlift

64

(2)

Aerial Refueling

66

(1)

Multinational Logistics and Procurement

66

(1)

Intelligence Collection and Processing

67

(1)

Conclusions

68

(3)

Reconciling Perspectives

71

(22)

Priorities and Imperatives for Shaping Intra-Alliance Relations

71

(3)

Political-Military Relations

71

(1)

Military Relations

72

(1)

Expectations and Operational Practices

73

(1)

Future Allied Military Operations

74

(4)

Consultation and Coalition Building

75

(1)

Force Packages and Packaging

76

(1)

Managing Military Commitments

76

(2)

Implications for the Defense Capabilities Initiative

78

(5)

Establishing Priorities

81

(1)

Agreeing on Funding

82

(1)

Managing the European Security and Defense Identity

83

(6)

Institutional Development of the ESDI After Allied Force

83

(3)

Promoting Efficiency in the European Defense Establishment

86

(1)

Encouraging Additional Investment in European Defense

87

(2)

Revising the Template for Allied Operations

89

(4)

Capability for Useful, Effective Tasks

90

(1)

Organizing the Means to Implement the NATO Strategic Concept

91

(1)

Revitalizing the CJTF Notion

91

(2)

Conclusions

93

(12)

Implications for the United States

93

(3)

Recognize the Leverage Available to U.S. Leadership

94

(1)

Encourage Allied Capability Improvements

94

(1)

Support NATO Exercises and Training

94

(1)

Exploit Advanced Technologies

95

(1)

Manage the Capabilities Gap

95

(1)

Emphasize Multipurpose Assets

95

(1)

Implications for the U.S. Air Force

96

(1)

Implications for the Atlantic Alliance

97

(3)

Flexible Command Arrangements

97

(1)

DCI Priorities

97

(1)

Expand NATO-Owned Assets

98

(1)

Force Generation and Targeting

99

(1)

Common Alliance Doctrine

99

(1)

Consultation and Consensus

99

(1)

Implications for the European Allies

100

(2)

Fiscal Constraints and Modernization

100

(1)

Integrated Air-Ground Capabilities

100

(1)

The DCI and the EU

101

(1)

Institutional Development of the ESDI

101

(1)

Implications for Future Coalitions

102

(3)

Differing Capabilities

102

(1)

Allies Opting Out

102

(1)

Political and Diplomatic Constraints

103

(1)

Limited Operational Goals

103

(1)

Coalition Lessons Learned

104

(1)

Multinational Exercises

104

(1)

Selected Bibliography

105

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European Contributions to Operation Allied Force Implications for Transatlantic Cooperation

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials