European Environmental Policy

European Union environmental policy has developed rapidly in recent years. An important dynamic behind it has been that some member states have developed comprehensive environmental policies, while others have limited or no national environmental legislation. This study traces the political and institutional dynamics that have made these countries develop their notions of environmental policy and select the issues which are brought to Brussels for Europeanization.

List of contributors

viii

Preface

ix

Introduction: the impact of the pioneers on EU environmental policy

1

(1)

Mikael Skou Andersen

Duncan Liefferink

The new member states

1

(2)

The importance and role of pioneers in environmental policy-making

3

(4)

The role of domestic politics in EU policy-making

7

(9)

Understanding the domestic polity

16

(5)

Strategies at the European level

21

(10)

Bringing the two levels together: the dynamics of the pioneers

31

(4)

The contents of the book

35

(5)

Sweden: setting a good example

40

(41)

Annica Kronsell

Introduction

40

(1)

Perceptions of environmental issues

41

(8)

The basic characteristics of the institutional context

49

(5)

Swedish political traditions and environmental policy

54

(6)

The relationship between the economy and the environment

60

(4)

Foreign environmental policy

64

(6)

The institutional context and policy style in foreign environmental policy-making

70

(4)

The debate about EU membership

74

(2)

Conclusions

76

(5)

Austria: a latecomer which became a pioneer

81

(38)

Volkmar Lauber

Historical overview

81

(5)

The institutional and political context

86

(4)

The main actors: parties, interest groups, citizens

90

(5)

National style and beliefs

95

(4)

Foreign environmental policy

99

(8)

The preparation of foreign environmental policy

107

(3)

The debate on EU membership and environmental policy

110

(9)

Finland: from local to global politics

119

(42)

Marko Joas

Introduction

119

(2)

A short history of Finnish environmental policies and politics

121

(4)

Institutions in the environmental policy field

125

(11)

The environmental agenda today

136

(5)

Finland's foreign environmental policy agenda

141

(5)

Foreign (environmental) policy institutions

146

(5)

EU membership and environmental policy

151

(5)

Conclusions

156

(5)

Germany: domestic obstacles to an international forerunner

161

(49)

Heinrich Pehle

A short review of the development of environmental policy

161

(7)

Institutional background

168

(12)

The tension between ecology and economy

180

(6)

Main points of German foreign environmental policy

186

(7)

The institutional foundation of foreign environmental policy

193

(6)

Germany and the environmental policy of the EU

199

(11)

The Netherlands: a net exporter of environmental policy concepts

210

(41)

Duncan Liefferink

Environmental problems and policies in the Netherlands: an overview

211

(8)

The institutional context

219

(7)

Environment and economy in the Netherlands: an evolving relationship

226

(5)

The foreign environmental policy agenda

231

(7)

The institutional setting of foreign environmental policy

238

(3)

The Netherlands, European integration and environmental policy

241

(4)

Conclusions

245

(6)

Denmark: the shadow of the green majority

251

(36)

Mikael Skou Andersen

Introduction

251

(1)

Environmental problems and policies in Denmark: an overview

252

(6)

Institutional context

258

(10)

The economy and the environment

268

(2)

Foreign environmental policy agenda

270

(5)

Institutional framework for international environmental policy

275

(2)

The EU debate

277

(10)

Norway: a case of `splendid isolation'

287

(44)

Marit Reitan

Introduction

287

(2)

The national environmental policy agenda

289

(7)

The institutional context

296

(11)

The integration of the environment and the economy

307

(5)

The foreign environmental policy agenda

312

(7)

The institutional context of foreign environmental policy

319

(3)

European integration and environmental policy

322

(3)

Conclusions

325

(6)

Index

331

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European Environmental Policy

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials