Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control

, by E. Wajnberg; J.K. Scott; P.C. Quimby

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ISBN: 9780851994536 | 0851994539
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/1/2001

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A major concern for biological control has always been the risk of indirect unwanted effects on the ecology of other organisms. Our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes underlying these effects has until now been limited and experimental methods sometimes lacking. This book presents the key papers from of the first International Organisation for Biological Control global symposium, held in Montpellier, France, in October 1999. It addresses the issues and concerns involved in biological control, and assesses the current status of evaluation of the ecological effects.

Contributors

Preface

Indirect Ecological Effects in Biological Control: the Challenge and the Opportunity

(12)

J.K. Waage

Introduction

(1)

What will happen to biological control in this century?

(4)

Efficacy and safety of biological control: a historical perspective

(1)

Recent developments in biological control

(2)

The role of ecology

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(2)

Indirect Interactions, Community Modules and Biological Control: a Theoretical Perspective

(26)

R.D. Holt

M.E. Hochberg

Introduction

(1)

Classical biological control is deliberate `community assembly'

(2)

One approach to complexity: community modules

(2)

Shared predation: identifying extinction risks for non-target prey

(1)

Disparate impacts of shared predation

(2)

Simple messages from theory

(6)

Message I

(2)

Message II

(1)

Message III

(3)

Indirect interactions influence transient risks during agent establishment

(1)

Landscape-scale indirect effects: the importance of community openness

(2)

Transient dynamics in shifting landscapes

(1)

Indirect interactions and evolution

(1)

Conclusions

(3)

References

(5)

Research Needs Concerning Non-target Impacts of Biological Control Introductions

(18)

K.R. Hopper

Introduction

(1)

Internet workshop on `Research needs for assessing and reducing non-target impacts of biological control introductions'

(4)

What sorts of non-target impacts should concern us?

(1)

Host range evaluation

(1)

Predicting impacts of biological control introductions versus other management options

(1)

Retrospective studies to assess impacts

(1)

Montpellier workshop on `Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control'

(10)

Session I: identification of major research questions

(2)

Session II: approaches to answering selected questions

(7)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(2)

Food Webs, Risks of Alien Enemies and Reform of Biological Control

(24)

D.R. Strong

R.W. Pemberton

Introduction

(5)

Biological control in conservation

(1)

Food webs, direct and indirect interactions

(4)

Differences between natural and cultivated systems

(1)

Risks of biological control

(7)

Weed biological control

(1)

Insect biological control

(1)

Parasitoids and general predators

(2)

Ladybird beetles

(1)

The campaign against Russian wheat aphid

(1)

Reform of biological control

(4)

References

(7)

Evaluation of Non-target Effects of Pathogens Used for Management of Arthropods

(18)

M.S. Goettel

A.E. Hajek

Introduction

(1)

Types of control

(4)

Classical biological control

(3)

Inundative augmentative releases

(1)

Non-target effects of pest control using entomopathogens

(5)

Classical biological control

(3)

Inundative augmentative releases

(1)

A special case: genetically engineered pathogens

(1)

Methods for evaluating non-target effects

(2)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(5)

Insect Biological Control and Non-target Effects: a European Perspective

(28)

L.D. Lynch

H.M.T. Hokkanen

D. Babendreier

F. Bigler

G. Burgio

Z.-H. Gao

S. Kuske

A. Loomans

I. Menzler-Hokkanen

M.B. Thomas

G. Tommasini

J.K. Waage

J.C. van Lenteren

Q.-Q. Zeng

Introduction: the ERBIC project

100

(2)

A retrospective analysis of published and unpublished data

102

(11)

Methods

102

(2)

Results

104

(8)

Database conclusions

112

(1)

Case studies in European biological control

113

(8)

exotic specialist parasitoids

114

(2)

exotic generalist parasitoids

116

(2)

generalist exotic predators

118

(2)

fungi and nematodes as bioinsecticides

120

(1)

Mathematical modelling and ecological theory

121

(1)

Overview

122

(1)

References

123

(4)

Biological Control in Africa and its Possible Effects on Biodiversity

127

(20)

P. Neuenschwander

R. Markham

Introduction

128

(3)

Case studies

131

(10)

Cassava mealybug

131

(2)

Mango mealybug

133

(1)

Spiralling whitefly

134

(1)

Cassava green mite

135

(1)

Lepidopterous stemborers

136

(1)

Cowpea thrips

137

(1)

Larger grainborer

138

(2)

Water hyacinth

140

(1)

Fungal pathogens against grasshoppers

140

(1)

Discussion

141

(3)

References

144

(3)

Rhinocyllus conicus: Initial Evaluation and Subsequent Ecological Impacts in North America

147

(38)

A. Gassmann

S.M. Louda

Introduction

148

(2)

Natural history of Rhinocyllus

150

(1)

Pre-release studies in Europe (1961--1968)

151

(5)

Early field studies

152

(1)

Early laboratory studies of host acceptance, preference and performance

153

(3)

Early post-release studies (1969--1985)

156

(5)

Field studies in Europe

156

(2)

Laboratory and greenhouse studies of preference and performance in North America

158

(1)

Garden plot and field studies in North America

158

(3)

Recent studies of Rhinocyllus (1986--1999)

161

(6)

Variation in phenology

161

(1)

Phenotypic and genetic variation in host use

161

(2)

Non-target feeding on Cirsium species in North America

163

(1)

Thistle-insect interactions in prairies of the upper Great Plains

164

(3)

Altered ecological interactions in the new environment?

167

(2)

Discussion

169

(5)

Host specificity: feeding acceptance, oviposition and larval performance

170

(2)

Host specificity: larval survival and performance

172

(1)

Prediction of quantitative ecological effects

173

(1)

Conclusions

174

(2)

References

176

(9)

Risk Analysis and Weed Biological Control

185

(26)

W.M. Lonsdale

D.T. Briese

J.M. Cullen

Introduction

186

(1)

Risk analysis and biological control: some definitions

187

(1)

Comparative risk analysis (CRA)

188

(1)

Risk assessment

188

(12)

The NAS model

188

(1)

Ecological models of risk assessment

189

(1)

Difficulties of prediction

190

(3)

Prediction tools

193

(3)

Risk scenarios

196

(4)

Risk management

200

(1)

Risk communication

201

(2)

Background

201

(1)

Release application procedures in different countries

201

(1)

Precautionary principle

202

(1)

Good and bad risk communication

203

(1)

Monitoring

203

(1)

Synthesis

204

(1)

References

205

(6)

Incorporating Biological Control into Ecologically Based Weed Management

211

(18)

R.L. Sheley

M.J. Rinella

Introduction

211

(1)

Management objectives

212

(1)

Need for predictive capability

212

(1)

Mechanisms and processes directing plant community dynamics

213

(2)

Incorporating biological control into ecologically based weed management

215

(1)

Modelling and predicting weed management's influence on community dynamics

215

(10)

Successional weed management

215

(1)

Designed disturbance

216

(1)

Controlled colonization

217

(1)

Controlled species performance

218

(1)

Examples

219

(2)

Life-history models

221

(4)

Assessing the indirect impacts of biological controls using community dynamics models

225

(1)

References

225

(4)

The Scope and Value of Extensive Ecological Studies in the Broom Biological Control Programme

229

(20)

S.V. Fowler

J. Memmott

Q.E. Paynter

A.W. Sheppard

P. Syrett

Introduction

230

(1)

Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius, as a target for biological control

231

(1)

Ecological studies undertaken on broom in its native range in Europe and elsewhere

232

(7)

The value of ecological studies in predicting the success and safety of biological control of broom

239

(4)

Predicting the impact of agents for the biological control of broom

239

(1)

Predicting side effects after the introduction of a biological control agent against broom

240

(3)

Conclusion

243

(2)

References

245

(4)

Index

249

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Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control

Summary

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Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control

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