Evolution

Charles Darwin started it: the debate that divided Victorian society and set the questions which shaped scientific research through the last century and into this millennium. Today, evolution is being used to explain hot topics such as cloning, long-standing mysteries such as homology, and astonishing labbench results such as the ey gene. Mark Ridley's Oxford Reader features major contributions to the universal debate by writers such as Charles Darwin, Stephen Jay Gould, Richard Dawkins, Jacques Monod, Theodosius Dobzhansky, and Francis Crick. Book jacket.

Mark Ridley works in the Department of Zoology, Oxford University. He has previously held positions at Cambridge University, England, and at Emory University, Atlanta, in the U.S.A.

Introduction

1

(6)

A. From Darwin to the modern synthesis

Section introduction

7

(2)

1. CHARLES DARWIN (1858),

Extract from an unpublished work on species

9

(4)

2. CHARLES DARWIN (1858),

Abstract of a letter from C. Darwin, Esq., to Prof. Asa Gray, Boston, USA

13

(2)

3. JOHN MAVNARD SMITH (1987),

Weismann and modern biology

15

(5)

4. R.A. FISHER (1930),

The nature of inheritance

20

(9)

5. SEWALL WRIGHT (1932),

The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding, and selection in evolution

29

(8)

6. J.B.S. HALDANE (1949),

Disease and evolution

37

(7)

B. Natural selection and random drift in populations

Section introduction

44

(5)

7. H.B.D. KETTLEWELL (1958),

A resume of investigations on the evolution of melanism in the Lepidoptera

49

(4)

8. L.M. COOK, R.L.H. DENNIS, and G.S. MANI (1999),

Melanic morph frequency in the peppered moth in the Manchester area

53

(4)

9. MARY N. KARN and L.S. PENROSE (1951),

Birth weight and gestation time in relation to maternal age, parity, and infant survival

57

(2)

10. L. ULIZZI and L. TERRENATO (1992),

Natural selection associated with birth weight: towards the end of the stabilizing component

59

(4)

11. H. LISLE GIBBS and PETER R. GRANT (1987),

Oscillating selection on Darwin's finches

63

(4)

12. R.C. LEWONTIN (1974),

The paradox of variation

67

(8)

13. MOTOO KIMURA (1990),

Recent development of the neutral theory viewed from the Wrightian tradition of theoretical population genetics

75

(7)

C. Adaptation

Section introduction

82

(3)

14. R.A. FISHER (1930),

The nature of adaptation

85

(4)

15. G.C. WILLIAMS (1966),

Adaptation and natural selection

89

(2)

16. A. GRAFEN (1986),

Adaptation versus selection in progress

91

(3)

17. H.K. REEVE and P.W. SHERMAN (1991),

An operational, nonhistorical definition of adaptation

94

(2)

18. H. ALLEN ORR and JERRY A. COYNE (1992),

The genetics of adaptation: a reassessment

96

(4)

19. A.J. CAIN (1964),

The perfection of animals

100

(14)

20. S.J. GOULD and R.C. LEWONTIN (1979),

The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme

114

(9)

21. RICHARD DAWKINS (1976),

The selfish gene

123

(8)

D. Speciation and biodiversity

Section introduction

131

(3)

22. L. MAYR (1958),

Typological versus population thinking

134

(3)

23. L. MAYR (1963),

Species concepts and their application

137

(10)

24. CHARLES DARWIN (1859),

The sterility of hybrids

147

(4)

25. THEODOSIUS DOBZHANSKY (1970),

Reproductive isolation as a product of genetic divergence and natural selection

151

(4)

26. WILLIAM R. RICE and ALLEN E. HOSTERT (1993),

Laboratory experiments on speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?

155

(6)

27. JERRY A. COYNE and H. ALLEN ORR (2000),

The evolutionary genetics of speciation

161

(14)

28. DOLPH SCHLUTER (2000),

Ecological basis of postmating isolation

175

(3)

29. V. GRANT (1981),

Hybrid speciation

178

(4)

E. Macroevolution

Section introduction

182

(3)

30. DOUGLAS H. ERWIN and ROBERT L. ANSTEY (1995),

Speciation in the fossil record

185

(12)

31. GAVIN DE BEER (1971),

Homology: an unsolved problem

197

(8)

32. RICHARD DAWKINS (1996),

The ey gene

205

(2)

33. W.J. DICKINSON (1995),

Molecules and morphology: where's the homology?

207

(4)

34. L. HAECKEL (1905),

The fundamental law of organic evolution

211

(5)

35. W. GARSTANG (1951),

Three poems

216

(4)

F. Evolutionary genomics

Section introduction

220

(1)

36. HOWARD OCHMAN, JEFFREY G. LAWRENCE, and EDUARDO A. GROISMAN (2000),

Lateral gene transfer and the nature of bacterial innovation

221

(10)

37. TODD J. VISION, DANIEL G. BROWN, and STEVEN D. TANKSLEV (2000),

The origins of genomic duplications in Arabidopsis

231

(6)

38. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN GENOME SEQUENCING CONSORTIUM (2001),

Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome

237

(7)

39. SEAN B. CARROLL (2003),

Genetics and the making of Homo sapiens

244

(5)

40. R. A. RAFF (1996),

Co-option of eye structures and genes

249

(1)

41. STEVEN A. BENNER, M. DANIEL CARACO, J. MICHAEL THOMSON, and ERIC A. GAUCHER (2002),

Planetary biology-paleontological, geological, and molecular histories of life

250

(8)

G. The history of life

Section introduction

258

(1)

42. JOHN MAYNARD SMITH and EORS SZATHMARY (1999),

From chemistry to heredity

259

(6)

43. J. WILLIAM SCHOPF (1994),

Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic

265

(10)

44. ALAN COOPER and RICHARD FORTEY (1998),

Evolutionary explosions and the phylogenetic fuse

275

(9)

45. DAVID DILCHER (2000),

Towards a new synthesis: major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record

284

(8)

H. Case studies

Section introduction

292

(1)

46. P.B. MEDAWAR (1951),

An unsolved problem of biology

293

(6)

47. F.H.C. CRICK (1968),

The origin of the genetic code

299

(8)

48. J. MAYNARD SMITH (1971),

The maintenance of sex

307

(3)

49. D.H. JANZEN (1983),

A caricature of seed dispersal by animal guts

310

(7)

50. DAN-E. NILSSON and SUSANNE PELGER (1994),

A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve

317

(9)

51. JOHN GERHART and MARK KIRSCHNER (1997),

Evolutionary novelty: the example of lactose synthetase

326

(2)

52. PAUL D. SNIEGOWSKI, PHILIP J. GERRISH, TOBY JOHNSON, and AARON SHAVER (2000),

The evolution of mutation rates: separating causes from consequences

328

(9)

I. Human evolution

Section introduction

337

(3)

53. VINCENT M. SARICH and ALLAN C. WILSON (1967),

Immunological time scale for hominid evolution

340

(5)

54. MARV-CLAIRE RING and A.C. WILSON (1975),

Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees

345

(5)

55. ROV J. BRITEN (2002),

Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5%, counting indels

350

(4)

56. H.J. MULLER (1950),

Our load of mutations

354

(7)

57. FRANK B. LIVINGSTONE (1962),

On the non-existence of human races

361

(2)

58. WILTON M. KROGMAN (1951),

The scars of human evolution

363

(5)

59. STEVEN PINKER (1994),

The big bang

368

(15)

J. Evolution and human affairs

Section introduction

383

(2)

60. MICHAEL F. ANTOLIN and JOAN M. HERBERS (2001),

Evolution's struggle for existence in America's public schools

385

(15)

61. THEODOSIUS DOBZHANSKY (1973),

Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution

400

(10)

62. DAVID HUME (1779),

The argument from design

410

(2)

63. J.L. MONOD (1974),

On the molecular theory of evolution

412

(6)

64. THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY (1893),

Evolution and ethics

418

(3)

65. STEPHEN R. PALUMBI (2001),

Humans as the world's greatest evolutionary force

421

(13)

Select bibliography

434

(3)

Biographical notes

437

(4)

Acknowledgements

441

(6)

Index

447

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials