Exercise Physiology : Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance

, by Powers, Scott K.; Howley, Edward T.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780073028637 | 0073028630
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/8/2006

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Written especially for exercise science and physical education students, this text provides a solid foundation in theory illuminated by application and performance models to increase understanding and to help students apply what they've learned in the classroom and beyond.

Preface

SECTION 1

Physiology of Exercise in the United States---Its Past, Its Future

(12)

European Heritage

(1)

Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

(1)

Physical Fitness

(2)

Physical Education to Exercise Science

(1)

Graduate Study and Research in the Physiology of Exercise

(2)

Professional Societies and Research Journals

(1)

Translation of Exercise Physiology to the Consumer

(3)

Control of the Internal Environment

(9)

Homeostasis: Dynamic Constancy

(1)

Control Systems of the Body

(1)

Nature of the Control Systems

(1)

Negative Feedback

(1)

Gain of a Control System

(1)

Examples of Homeostatic Control

(3)

Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure

(1)

Regulation of Blood Glucose

(1)

Stress Proteins Assist in the Regulation of Cellular Homeostasis

(2)

Exercise: A Test of Homeostatic Control

(2)

Bioenergetics

(29)

Cell Structure

(1)

Biological Energy Transformation

(6)

Cellular Chemical Reactions

(2)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

(1)

Enzymes

(3)

Fuels for Exercise

(2)

Carbohydrates

(1)

Fats

(1)

Proteins

(1)

High-Energy Phosphates

(1)

Bioenergetics

(13)

Anaerobic ATP Production

(5)

Aerobic ATP Production

(8)

Aerobic ATP Tally

(1)

Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation

(1)

Control of Bioenergetics

(2)

Control of ATP-PC System

(1)

Control of Glycolysis

(1)

Control of Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

(1)

Interaction Between Aerobic/Anaerobic ATP Production

(4)

Exercise Metabolism

(21)

Energy Requirements at Rest

(1)

Rest-to-Exercise Transitions

(1)

Recovery from Exercise: Metabolic Responses

(3)

Metabolic Responses to Exercise: Influence of Duration and Intensity

(4)

Short-Term, Intense Exercise

(1)

Prolonged Exercise

(1)

Incremental Exercise

(3)

Estimation of Fuel Utilization During Exercise

(1)

Factors Governing Fuel Selection

(11)

Exercise Intensity and Fuel Selection

(1)

Exercise Duration and Fuel Selection

(1)

Interaction of Fat/Carbohydrate Metabolism

(1)

Body Fuel Sources

(8)

Hormonal Responses to Exercise

(33)

Neuroendocrinology

(4)

Blood Hormone Concentration

(1)

Hormone-Receptor Interaction

(2)

Hormones: Regulation and Action

(14)

Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland

(2)

Thyroid Gland

(1)

Parathyroid Gland

(1)

Adrenal Gland

(3)

Pancreas

(1)

Testes and Ovaries

(6)

Hormonal Control of Substrate Mobilization During Exercise

(14)

Muscle-Glycogen Utilization

(1)

Blood Glucose Homeostasis During Exercise

(7)

Hormone-Substrate Interaction

100

(6)

Measurement of Work, Power, and Energy Expenditure

106

(14)

Units of Measure

107

(1)

Metric System

107

(1)

SI Units

107

(1)

Work and Power Defined

107

(2)

Work

107

(1)

Power

108

(1)

Measurement of Work and Power

109

(2)

Bench Step

109

(1)

Cycle Ergometer

110

(1)

Treadmill

110

(1)

Measurement of Energy Expenditure

111

(1)

Direct Calorimetry

111

(1)

Indirect Calorimetry

112

(1)

Estimation of Energy Expenditure

112

(3)

Calculation of Exercise Efficiency

115

(2)

Factors That Influence Exercise Efficiency

115

(2)

Running Economy

117

(3)

The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement

120

(20)

General Nervous System Functions

121

(1)

Organization of the Nervous System

121

(8)

Structure of the Neuron

122

(1)

Electrical Activity in Neurons

122

(7)

Sensory Information and Reflexes

129

(2)

Proprioceptors

129

(1)

Muscle Chemoreceptors

130

(1)

Reflexes

130

(1)

Somatic Motor Function

131

(1)

Vestibular Apparatus and Equilibrium

132

(1)

Motor Control Functions of the Brain

132

(2)

Brain Stem

133

(1)

Cerebrum

133

(1)

Cerebellum

134

(1)

Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord

134

(1)

Control of Motor Functions

135

(1)

Autonomic Nervous System

136

(1)

Exercise Enhances Brain Health

137

(3)

Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function

140

(29)

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

141

(2)

Neuromuscular Junction

143

(1)

Muscular Contraction

144

(5)

Overview of the Sliding Filament Model

144

(1)

Energy for Contraction

145

(1)

Regulation of Excitation-Contraction Coupling

145

(4)

Fiber Types

149

(6)

Biochemical and Contractile Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle

149

(3)

Characteristics of Individual Fiber Types

152

(2)

Fiber Types and Performance

154

(1)

Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Due to Exercise, Inactivity, and Aging

155

(3)

Exercise-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscles

155

(1)

Muscle Atrophy Due to Inactivity

155

(2)

Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle

157

(1)

Muscle Actions

158

(1)

Speed of Muscle Action and Relaxation

159

(1)

Force Regulation in Muscle

160

(1)

Force-Velocity/Power-Velocity Relationships

161

(2)

Receptors in Muscle

163

(6)

Muscle Spindle

163

(1)

Golgi Tendon Organs

164

(5)

Circulatory Responses to Exercise

169

(31)

Organization of the Circulatory System

170

(1)

Structure of the Heart

170

(1)

Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits

171

(1)

Heart: Myocardium and Cardiac Cycle

171

(10)

Myocardium

171

(3)

Cardiac Cycle

174

(2)

Arterial Blood Pressure

176

(1)

Factors That Influence Arterial Blood Pressure

177

(1)

Electrical Activity of the Heart

178

(3)

Cardiac Output

181

(5)

Regulation of the Heart Rate

182

(1)

Regulation of Stroke Volume

183

(3)

Hemodynamics

186

(2)

Physical Characteristics of Blood

186

(1)

Relationships Among Pressure, Resistance, and Flow

186

(1)

Sources of Vascular Resistance

187

(1)

Changes in Oxygen Delivery to Muscle During Exercise

188

(4)

Changes in Cardiac Output During Exercise

188

(1)

Changes in Arterial-Mixed Venous O2 Content During Exercise

189

(1)

Redistribution of Blood Flow During Exercise

189

(1)

Regulation of Local Blood Flow During Exercise

190

(2)

Circulatory Responses to Exercise

192

(3)

Emotional Influence

192

(1)

Transition from Rest to Exercise

192

(1)

Recovery from Exercise

192

(1)

Incremental Exercise

192

(1)

Arm versus Leg Exercise

193

(1)

Intermittent Exercise

194

(1)

Prolonged Exercise

194

(1)

Regulation of Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise

195

(5)

Respiration During Exercise

200

(30)

Function of the Lung

201

(1)

Structure of the Respiratory System

201

(3)

Conducting Zone

202

(2)

Respiratory Zone

204

(1)

Mechanics of Breathing

204

(3)

Inspiration

204

(1)

Expiration

204

(2)

Airway Resistance

206

(1)

Pulmonary Ventilation

207

(1)

Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities

208

(2)

Diffusion of Gases

210

(1)

Blood Flow to the Lung

211

(1)

Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

212

(1)

O2 and CO2 Transport in Blood

213

(4)

Hemoglobin and O2 Transport

213

(1)

Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve

213

(2)

O2 Transport in Muscle

215

(1)

CO2 Transport in Blood

215

(2)

Ventilation and Acid-Base Balance

217

(1)

Ventilatory and Blood-Gas Responses to Exercise

217

(2)

Rest-to-Work Transitions

217

(1)

Prolonged Exercise in a Hot Environment

217

(1)

Incremental Exercise

218

(1)

Control of Ventilation

219

(5)

Ventilatory Regulation at Rest

219

(3)

Ventilatory Control During Submaximal Exercise

222

(1)

Ventilatory Control During Heavy Exercise

222

(2)

Do the Lungs Adapt to Exercise Training?

224

(1)

Does the Pulmonary System Limit Maximal Exercise Performance?

224

(6)

Acid-Base Balance During Exercise

230

(11)

Acids, Bases, and pH

231

(1)

Hydrogen Ion Production During Exercise

232

(2)

Importance of Acid-Base Regulation During Exercise

234

(1)

Acid-Base Buffer Systems

234

(2)

Intracellular Buffers

234

(1)

Extracellular Buffers

235

(1)

Respiratory Influence on Acid-Base Balance

236

(1)

Regulation of Acid-Base Balance via the Kidneys

236

(1)

Regulation of Acid-Base Balance During Exercise

237

(4)

Temperature Regulation

241

(19)

Overview of Heat Balance During Exercise

242

(1)

Temperature Measurement During Exercise

243

(1)

Overview of Heat Production/Heat Loss

243

(4)

Heat Production

243

(1)

Heat Loss

244

(1)

Heat Storage in the Body During Exercise

245

(2)

Body's Thermostat---Hypothalamus

247

(2)

Shift in the Hypothalamic Thermostat Set Point Due to Fever

248

(1)

Thermal Events During Exercise

249

(1)

Exercise in the Heat

250

(6)

Sweat Rates During Exercise

251

(1)

Exercise Performance in a Hot Environment

252

(1)

Gender and Age Differences in Thermoregulation

253

(1)

Heat Acclimatization

254

(2)

Loss of Acclimatization

256

(1)

Exercise in a Cold Environment

256

(4)

Cold Acclimatization

256

(4)

The Physiology of Training: Effect on VO2 Max, Performance, Homeostasis, and Strength

260

(28)

Principles of Training

261

(1)

Overload

261

(1)

Specificity

262

(1)

Research Designs to Study Training

262

(1)

Endurance Training and VO2 Max

262

(2)

Training Programs and Changes in VO2 Max

263

(1)

VO2 Max: Cardiac Output and the Arteriovenous O2 Difference

264

(4)

Stroke Volume

265

(2)

Arteriovenous O2 Difference

267

(1)

Detraining and VO2 Max

268

(1)

Endurance Training: Effects on Performance and Homeostasis

269

(6)

Biochemical Adaptations and the Oxygen Deficit

271

(1)

Biochemical Adaptations and the Plasma Glucose Concentration

271

(2)

Biochemical Adaptations and Blood pH

273

(1)

Biochemical Adaptations and Lactate Removal

274

(1)

Endurance Training: Links Between Muscle and Systemic Physiology

275

(3)

Peripheral Feedback

277

(1)

Central Command

277

(1)

Physiological Effects of Strength Training

278

(1)

Physiological Mechanisms Causing Increased Strength

279

(9)

Neural Factors

279

(1)

Muscular Enlargement

280

(1)

Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training

281

(7)

SECTION 2

Patterns in Health and Disease: Epidemiology and Physiology

288

(11)

Epidemiology

289

(2)

Coronary Heart Disease

291

(3)

Physical Inactivity as a Risk Factor

292

(2)

Physiology

294

(2)

Synthesis

296

(3)

Work Tests to Evaluate Cardiorespiratory Fitness

299

(21)

Testing Procedures

300

(2)

Screening

300

(2)

Resting and Exercise Measures

302

(1)

Field Tests for Estimating CRF

302

(3)

Maximal Run Tests

302

(2)

Walk Tests

304

(1)

Canadian Home Fitness Test

304

(1)

Graded Exercise Tests: Measurements

305

(3)

Heart Rate

305

(1)

Blood Pressure

305

(1)

ECG

306

(1)

Rating of Perceived Exertion

306

(1)

Termination Criteria

307

(1)

VO2 Max

308

(3)

Estimation of VO2 Max from Last Work Rate

309

(1)

Estimation of VO2 Max from Submaximal HR Response

309

(2)

Graded Exercise Test: Protocols

311

(9)

Treadmill

312

(1)

Cycle Ergometer

313

(1)

Step Test

314

(6)

Exercise Prescriptions for Health and Fitness

320

(17)

Prescription of Exercise

321

(4)

Dose-Response

322

(1)

Physical Activity and Health

323

(2)

General Guidelines for Improving Fitness

325

(1)

Screening

325

(1)

Progression

325

(1)

Warm-Up, Stretch, and Cool-Down, Stretch

325

(1)

Exercise Prescription for CRF

325

(4)

Frequency

326

(1)

Duration

326

(1)

Intensity

326

(3)

Sequence of Physical Activity

329

(2)

Walking

329

(1)

Jogging

329

(1)

Games and Sports

330

(1)

Strength and Flexibility Training

331

(1)

Environmental Concerns

332

(5)

Exercise for Special Populations

337

(22)

Diabetes

338

(4)

Exercise and the Diabetic

339

(3)

Asthma

342

(3)

Diagnosis and Causes

342

(1)

Prevention/Relief of Asthma

343

(1)

Exercise-Induced Asthma

343

(2)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

345

(1)

Testing and Training

345

(1)

Hypertension

346

(1)

Cardiac Rehabilitation

347

(2)

Population

347

(1)

Testing

348

(1)

Exercise Programs

348

(1)

Exercise for Older Adults

349

(3)

Exercise During Pregnancy

352

(7)

Body Composition and Nutrition for Health

359

(49)

Nutritional Goals

360

(2)

Standards of Nutrition

362

(1)

Classes of Nutrients

363

(11)

Water

363

(1)

Vitamins

364

(1)

Minerals

364

(4)

Carbohydrates

368

(4)

Fats

372

(1)

Protein

373

(1)

Meeting the Guidelines and Achieving the Goals

374

(2)

Food Group Plans

374

(1)

Evaluating the Diet

375

(1)

Body Composition

376

(8)

Methods of Assessing Overweight and Obesity

377

(1)

Methods of Measuring Body Composition

378

(2)

Two-Component System of Body Composition

380

(3)

Body Fatness for Health and Fitness

383

(1)

Obesity and Weight Control

384

(4)

Obesity

384

(4)

Diet, Exercise, and Weight Control

388

(20)

Energy and Nutrient Balance

389

(1)

Diet and Weight Control

390

(1)

Energy Expenditure and Weight Control

391

(17)

SECTION 3

Factors Affecting Performance

408

(13)

Sites of Fatigue

409

(4)

Central Fatigue

409

(1)

Peripheral Fatigue

410

(3)

Factors Limiting All-Out Anaerobic Performances

413

(2)

Ultra Short-Term Performances (Less than Ten Seconds)

413

(2)

Short-Term Performances (10 to 180 Seconds)

415

(1)

Factors Limiting All-Out Aerobic Performances

415

(3)

Moderate-Length Performances (Three to Twenty Minutes)

415

(1)

Intermediate-Length Performances (Twenty-One to Sixty Minutes)

416

(1)

Long-Term Performances (One to Four Hours)

417

(1)

Athlete as Machine

418

(3)

Laboratory Assessment of Human Performance

421

(20)

Laboratory Assessment of Physical Performance

422

(1)

Physiological Testing: Theory and Ethics

422

(1)

What the Athlete Gains by Physiological Testing

422

(1)

What Physiological Testing Will Not Do

423

(1)

Components of Effective Physiological Testing

423

(1)

Direct Testing of Maximal Aerobic Power

424

(2)

Specificity of Testing

424

(1)

Exercise Test Protocol

425

(1)

Determination of Peak VO2 in Paraplegic Athletes

425

(1)

Laboratory Tests to Predict Endurance Performance

426

(3)

Use of the Lactate Threshold to Evaluate Performance

426

(2)

Measurement of Critical Power

428

(1)

Tests to Determine Exercise Economy

429

(1)

Estimating Success in Distance Running Using the Lactate Threshold and Running Economy

429

(1)

Determination of Anaerobic Power

430

(4)

Tests of Ultra Short-Term Maximal Anaerobic Power

431

(2)

Tests of Short-Term Anaerobic Power

433

(1)

Evaluation of Muscular Strength

434

(7)

Criteria for Selection of a Strength-Testing Method

434

(1)

Isometric Measurement of Strength

435

(1)

Free-Weight Testing of Strength

435

(1)

Isokinetic Assessment of Strength

436

(1)

Variable-Resistance Measurement of Strength

437

(4)

Training for Performance

441

(22)

Training Principles

442

(2)

Overload, Specificity, and Reversibility

442

(1)

Influence of Gender, Initial Fitness Level, and Genetics

443

(1)

Components of a Training Session: Warm-Up, Workout, and Cool Down

444

(1)

Training to Improve Aerobic Power

444

(3)

Interval Training

445

(1)

Long, Slow-Distance Exercise

446

(1)

High-Intensity, Continuous Exercise

446

(1)

Injuries and Endurance Training

447

(1)

Training for Improved Anaerobic Power

447

(1)

Traning to Improve the ATP-PC System

448

(1)

Training to Improve the Glycolytic System

448

(1)

Training to Improve Muscular Strength

448

(8)

Progressive Resistance Exercise

450

(1)

General Strength-Training Principles

450

(1)

Free Weights versus Machines

451

(1)

Combined Strength- and Endurance-Training Programs

451

(1)

Gender Differences in Response to Strength Training

451

(2)

Muscle Soreness

453

(3)

Training for Improved Flexibility

456

(1)

Year-Round Conditioning for Athletes

457

(1)

Off-Season Conditioning

457

(1)

Preseason Conditioning

457

(1)

In-Season Conditioning

457

(1)

Common Training Mistakes

458

(5)

Training for the Female Athlete, Children, and Special Populations

463

(14)

Factors Important to Women Involved in Vigorous Training

464

(5)

Exercise and Menstrual Disorders

464

(1)

Training and Menstruation

465

(1)

The Female Athlete and Eating Disorders

465

(1)

Bone Mineral Disorders and the Female Athlete

466

(1)

Training During Pregnancy

466

(1)

Risk of Knee Injury in Female Athletes

466

(3)

Sports Conditioning for Children

469

(1)

Training and the Cardiopulmonary System

469

(1)

Training and the Musculoskeletal System

469

(1)

Competitive Training for Diabetics

470

(2)

Training for Asthmatics

472

(1)

Epilepsy and Physical Training

472

(5)

Does Exercise Promote Seizures?

473

(1)

Risk of Injury Due to Seizures

473

(4)

Nutrition, Body Composition, and Performance

477

(22)

Nutrition and Performance

478

(14)

Carbohydrate

478

(4)

Protein

482

(4)

Water and Electrolytes

486

(3)

Minerals

489

(1)

Vitamins

490

(1)

Precompetition Diet

491

(1)

Body Composition and Performance

492

(1)

Somatotype

492

(7)

Body Fatness and Performance

492

(7)

Exercise and the Environment

499

(23)

Altitude

500

(9)

Atmospheric Pressure

500

(1)

Short-Term Anaerobic Performance

500

(1)

Long-Term Aerobic Performance

501

(1)

Maximal Aerobic Power and Altitude

501

(2)

Adaptation to High Altitude

503

(1)

Training for Competition at Altitude

504

(2)

The Quest for Everest

506

(3)

Heat

509

(3)

Hyperthermia

509

(3)

Cold

512

(4)

Environmental Factors

512

(1)

Insulating Factors

513

(2)

Energy Production

515

(1)

Dealing with Hypothermia

516

(1)

Air Pollution

516

(6)

Particulate Matter

517

(1)

Ozone

517

(1)

Sulfur Dioxide

517

(1)

Carbon Monoxide

517

(5)

Ergogenic Aids

522

Research Design Concerns

523

(1)

Dietary Supplements

524

(1)

Aerobic Performance

524

(5)

Oxygen

524

(3)

Blood Doping

527

(2)

Anaerobic Performance

529

(1)

Blood Buffers

529

(1)

Drugs

530

(6)

Amphetamines

530

(1)

Caffeine

531

(3)

Cocaine

534

(1)

Nicotine

535

(1)

Physical Warm-Up

536

Appendix A Calculation of Oxygen Uptake and Carbon Dioxide Production

(4)

Appendix B Estimated Energy Expenditure during Selected Activities

(12)

Appendix C PARmed-X Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination

(1)

Appendix D Dietary Reference Intakes: Macronutrients

(2)

Appendix E Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins and Minerals

(4)

Appendix F Dietary Reference Intakes: Estimated Energy Requirements

(1)

Appendix G Percent Fat Estimate for Men: Sum of Triceps, Chest, and Subscapula Skinfolds

(1)

Appendix H Percent Fat Estimate for Women: Sum of Triceps, Abdomen, and Suprailium Skinfolds

Glossary

(1)

Credits

(1)

Index

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Exercise Physiology : Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials