- ISBN: 9781119660231 | 1119660238
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 3/29/2022
The newly revised Fifth Edition of Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology delivers a fully updated new edition of the most complete reference to hematology and cytology in exotic animals. The book features high-quality images and step-by-step descriptions of practical techniques.
Organized by animal class to make it easier to quickly find critical information, the authors have included 45 new case studies to highlight the application of the content in a real-world setting. All major exotic animal groups are covered, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
Clinicians seeking a decision-making aid for patient workup, treatment, and prognosis will find what they need in Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology. The book also includes:
- Thorough cellular descriptions unique to mammalian, avian, herptile, and fish species, with extensive discussions of blood and bone marrow sample collection and hematologic techniques for each group
- Comprehensive evaluation of the peripheral blood specific to mammals, birds, herptiles, and fish, as well as the evaluation of bone marrow
- Practical discussions of hematology case studies with applications to common real-world clinical problems
- Color atlas of hemic cells of select species for quick and easy reference
- Extensive examinations of cytodiagnosis and exploration of unique features within mammals, birds, herptiles, and fish, as well as cytology case studies and wet-mount cases in fish
- Access to video clips and additional case reports on a companion website
Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology is an essential reference for veterinary clinical pathologists, anatomic pathologists, clinicians, and technicians, as well as for veterinary students taking courses involving exotic hematology and cytology.
The authors
Terry W. Campbell, DVM, PhD, is an Associate Professor Emeritus of Zoological Medicine at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, and was the head veterinarian at the Downtown Aquarium in Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Krystan R. Grant, DVM, PhD, CertAqV, was a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA, and is currently the Director of Pet Health at the PetSmart Home Office in Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Preface
Acknowledgements
Scientific Names Used in Text
SECTION I: Mammal
1. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Small Mammals
Blood Sample Collection
Blood Volume Collection
Restraint and Collection Sites
Other Collection Sites and Considerations
Blood Sample Handling and Preparation
Bone Marrow Collection
References
2. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Mammals
Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters
Packed Cell Volume
Plasma Appearance and Protein
Hemoglobin
Total Erythrocyte Concentration
Erythrocyte Indices
Reticulocytes
Leukocyte Parameters
Total Leukocyte Concentration
Leukocyte Differential
Platelet Parameters
References
3. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood of Mammals
Mammalian Erythrocytes
Morphology and Color
Other Erythrocyte Features
Erythrocyte Response to Disease
Anemias
Erythrocytosis (Polycythemia)
Mammalian Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Mononuclear Cells
Leukocyte Response to Disease
Inflammatory Leukogram in Mammals
Eosinophil Response
Basophilia in Mammals
Lymphocyte Response
Monocytosis
Myeloproliferative Disease
Platelets of Small Mammals
Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytosis in Mammals
Hemogram Evaluation of Specific Species
Myomorphs or True Rodents (Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters)
Guinea Pigs
Chinchillas
Rabbits
Ferrets
African Hedgehogs
References
4. Evaluation of Mammalian Bone Marrow
Mammalian Hematopoiesis
Mammalian Erythropoiesis
Mammalian Granulopoiesis
Mammalian Platelet Production
Other Cells in the Mammalian Bone Marrow
Mammalian Bone Marrow Responses in Disease
Hypoplasia and Hyperplasia
Mammalian Myeloid Neoplasms
Bone Marrow Evaluation
Bone Marrow Evaluation of Rodents
Bone Marrow Evaluation of Rabbits
Bone Marrow Evaluation of Ferrets
References
5. Mammalian Hematology Clinical Case Presentations
Case 1: Chinchilla with Dental Disease
Case 2: Guinea Pig with Gastric Stasis
Case 3: Hedgehog with Anorexia
Case 4: Ferret with Lethargy, Inappetence, and Labored Breathing
Case 5: Ferret with Lethargy and Weakness
6. Sample Collection for Mammalian Cytodiagnosis
Cytology Sampling and Evaluation Techniques
Sample Locations
The Integument
Alimentary Tract
Respiratory Tract
Conjunctiva and Cornea
Synovial Fluid
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Liver
Kidney
Reproductive Tract
Preparation For Cytologic Examination
Köhler Illumination
Sample Collection
Sample Collection Techniques
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration
Brush Cytology
Contact Smears and Squash Preparations
Fluid Samples
Sample Preparation and Evaluation
Fixation and Staining
Evaluation of the Cytologic Sample
Basic Cytologic Responses
References
7. Mammalian Cytodiagnosis
Normal Mammalian Cytology
Digestive Tract
Respiratory Tract
Skin
Central Nervous System
Eye
Joint Fluid
Lymph Tissue/Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Liver
Kidney
Reproductive Tract
Inflammation
Neutrophilic/Heterophilic Inflammation of Mammals
Septic Inflammation
Mixed Cell Inflammation
Macrophagic Inflammation
Eosinophilic Inflammation
Inflammatory Lesions of the Alimentary Tract
Inflammation of the Respiratory Tract
Inflammation of the Skin
Inflammation of Synovial Joints
Inflammation of Lymphoid Tissue
Inflammation of the Liver
Ophthalmic Inflammation
Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia
Adipose
Hepatic Lipidosis
Epidermal Cyst
Sebaceous Cysts
Trichoepitheliomas
Papillomas
Histiocytoma
Chordomas
Zymbal Gland Adenoma
Leiomyoma
Squamous Hyperplasia/Metaplasia
Lymphoid Hyperplasia
Thyroid Hyperplasia
Ferret Adrenocortical Disease
Malignant Neoplasia
General Cellular Features of Malignant Neoplasia
Cytoplasmic Features of Malignant Neoplasia
Nuclear Features of Malignant Neoplasia
Structural Features of Malignant Neoplasia
Round or Discrete Cell Tumor
Myelogenous Leukemia
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Neuroendocrine
Cellular Arrangements
Neoplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Neoplasia of the Respiratory Tract
Cutaneous Neoplasms
Ocular Neoplasia
Neoplasms of Joints and Bone
Liver Neoplasms
Renal Neoplasms
Reproductive Tract Neoplasia
Neoplasia of Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)
Neoplasia of African Pygmy Hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris)
Neoplasia of Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps)
Neoplasia of Chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera)
Effusions
Transudate
Exudative Effusion
Hemorrhagic Effusion
Chylous Effusions
Uroabdomen
Malignant (Neoplastic) Effusion
Synovial Cyst
Cutaneous Cysts
Mucocele
Infectious Agents
Bacteria
Mycoplasma (Mycoplasmosis)
Clostridium
Campylobacter
Spirochetes
Helicobacter
Chlamydia/Chlamydophila
Mycobacterium
Candidiasis
Malassezia
Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasma
Blastomycosis
Saccharomyces Yeast in Rabbits
Hyphae-Forming Fungi
Aspergillosis
Trichomoniasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Giardia
References
8. Mammalian Cytology Clinical Case Presentations
Case 1: Hedgehog with Swelling Under the Right Forelimb
Case 2: Dumbo Rat with a Mass on its Face
Case 3: Hedgehog with a Vaginal Mass
Case 4: Sugar Glider with a Mass in the Left Axilla
Case 5: Ferret with an Abdominal Mass
SECTION II: Avian
9. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Birds
Blood Sample Collection
Restraint
Blood Volume Collection
Blood Collection Methods
Collection Sites
Blood Sample Handling and Preparation
Anticoagulant
Whole Blood Preservation
Blood Film Techniques
Stains
Laboratory Submission
Bone Marrow Collection
Collection Sites for Marrow Aspiration
Preparation of Aspirated Bone Marrow
Marrow Core Biopsy
References
10. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Birds
Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters
Packed Cell Volume
Hemoglobin
Total Erythrocyte Concentration
Erythrocyte Indices
Plasma Appearance and Protein
Leukocyte Parameters
Semidirect Method for Manual Leukocyte Concentration
Direct Method for Manual Leukocyte Concentration
Leukocyte Estimation from Blood Film
Leukocyte Differential
Thrombocyte Parameters
Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Marrow Aspirates
References
11. Evaluation and Interpretation of Peripheral Blood of Birds
Avian Erythrocytes
Morphology and Color
Other Erythrocyte Features
Factors Affecting the Avian Erythrogram
Species
Sex
Age
Season and Environment
Erythrocyte Response to Disease
Anemia in Birds
Avian Erythrocytosis
Avian Leukocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Heterophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Normal Variation to the Leukogram of Birds
Leukocyte Response to Disease
Inflammatory Leukogram
Leukopenia in Birds
Lymphocytosis in Birds
Monocytosis in Birds
Eosinophilia and Eosinopenia in Birds
Avian Thrombocytes
Normal Variation in the Thrombogram of Birds
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytosis
Avian Blood Parasites
Hemoproteus
Plasmodium
Leukocytozoon
Microfilaria
Aegyptianella
Isosporosis or Atoxoplasmosis
Trypanosomes
Borrelia anserine
Bacteremia
References
12. Evaluation of Avian Bone Marrow
Avian Hematopoiesis
Avian Erythropoiesis
Avian Granulopoiesis
Avian Thrombopoiesis
Other Cells Present in Avian Bone Marrow
Avian Hematopoietic Tissue Other Than Bone Marrow
Avian Bursa of Fabricius
Avian Thymus
Avian Spleen
References
13. Avian Hematology Clinical Case Presentation
Case 1: Cockatoo with Lethargy and Anorexia
Case 2: Swainson’s Hawk with Head Trauma
Case 3: Pionus Parrot with Weight Loss, Exercise Intolerance, and Sneezing
Case 4: Conure with Lethargy and Anorexia
Case 5: Hawk with Dehydration and Emaciation
14. Sample Collection for Avian Cytodiagnosis
Alimentary Tract
Respiratory Tract
Lymphoid Tissue of Lower Vertebrates
Conjunctiva and Cornea
Synovial Fluid
Coelomic Fluid
References
15. Avian Cytodiagnosis
Digestive Tract
Respiratory Tract
Skin
Eye
Joint Fluid
Lymphoid Tissue
Liver
Kidney
Inflammation
Heterophilic Inflammation of Birds
Septic Inflammation
Mixed Cell Inflammation
Macrophagic Inflammation
Eosinophilic Inflammation
Inflammatory Lesions of the Alimentary Tract
Inflammation of the Respiratory Tract
Inflammation of the Skin
Inflammation of Synovial Joints
Inflammation of the Spleen
Inflammation of the Liver
Ophthalmic Inflammation
Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia
Adipose
Hepatic Lipidosis
Feather Cysts
Papillomatosis
Squamous Hyperplasia/Metaplasia
Malignant Neoplasia
Lymphoma/Lymphocytic Leukemia
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Neoplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Neoplasia of the Respiratory Tract
Cutaneous Neoplasms
Ocular Neoplasms
Neoplasms of Joints and Bone
Reproductive Tract Neoplasia
Neoplasia of the Liver
Neoplasia of the Kidney
Neoplasia of the Thyroid
Effusions
Accidental Aspiration of the Liver
Synovial Cyst
Mucocele
Infectious Agents
Avian Pox
Mycoplasmosis
Clostridium
Campylobacter
Spirochetes
Chlamydiosis
Microsporidia
Mycobacterium
Candidiasis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster in Birds
Aspergillosis
Trichomoniasis
Giardia
Cryptosporidiosis
Blastocystis
Atoxoplasmosis
Microfilaria
References
16. Avian Cytology Clinical Case Presentation
Case 1: Lethargic Parrot
Case 2: Macaw with Periorbital Swelling
Case 3: Eagle with Swollen Right Foot
Case 4: Owl with Oral Lesions
Case 5: Hawk with Skin Lesions
SECTION III: Herptile
17. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Reptiles and Amphibians
Blood Sample Collection
General Considerations
Blood Volume Collection
Restraint and Collection Sites
Other Collection Sites and Considerations
Blood Sample Handling and Preparation
Anticoagulant
Blood Film Techniques
Stains
Bone Marrow Collection
References
18. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Reptiles and Amphibians
Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters
Packed Cell Volume
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Hemoglobin
Total Erythrocyte Concentration
Erythrocyte Indices
Plasma Appearance and Protein
Leukocyte Parameters
Semidirect Method for Manual Leukocyte Concentration
Direct Methods for Manual Leukocyte Concentration
Leukocyte Differential
Thrombocyte Parameters
References
19. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Reptiles
The Interpretation of the Reptile Hemogram
Reptile Erythrocytes
Morphology and Color
Reticulocytes
Cytoplasm Inclusions
Factors Affecting the Reptilian Erythrogram
Intrinsic Factors
Extrinsic Factors
Erythrocyte Response to Disease
Anemia in Reptiles
Basophilic Stippling
Inclusions
Reptile Leukocytes
Heterophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Normal Variation to the Leukogram of Reptiles
Reference Intervals
Leukocyte Response to Disease
Heterophils and The Inflammatory Leukogram
Eosinophilia in Reptiles
Basophilia in Reptiles
Lymphocytes
Monocytosis in Reptiles
Reptile Thrombocytes
Reptile Blood Parasites
Hemogregarines
Hemoproteus
Plasmodium
Saurocytozoon
Microfilaria
Piroplasmids
Pirhemocyton
Laisonia and Schellackia
Trypanosomes
Leishmania
Anaplasmataceae
Reptile Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Evaluation
Reptile Erythropoiesis
Reptile Granulopoiesis
Reptile Thrombopoiesis
Reptile Lymphopoiesis
References
20. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Amphibians
Amphibian Erythrocytes
Amphibian Leukocytes
Amphibian Thrombocytes
Amphibian Blood Parasites
Amphibian Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Evaluation
Amphibian Erythropoiesis
Amphibian Granulopoiesis
References
21. Herptile Hematology Clinical Case Presentations
Case 1: Snake with Nasal Discharge and Mites
Case 2: Snake with Neurologic Behavior and Skin Nodules
Case 3: Comparison of Two Chelonian Respiratory Cases
Case 4: Case Series of Chelonian Dystocia and Follicular Stasis
Case 5: Lizard with Limb Lameness, Lethargy, and Anorexia
22. Sample Collection for Herptile Cytodiagnosis
Sample Locations
Alimentary Tract
Respiratory Tract
Conjunctiva and Cornea
Synovial Fluid
Coelomic Fluid
Coelomic Organs
References
23. Herptile Cytodiagnosis
Normal Cytology
The Digestive Tract
Respiratory Tract
The Skin
The Eye
Other Tissues
Inflammation
Heterophilic/Neutrophilic Inflammation
Mixed Cell Inflammation
Macrophagic Inflammation
Inflammatory Lesions of the Alimentary Tract
Inflammation of the Respiratory Tract
Inflammation of Skin
Inflammation of Synovial Joints
Inflammation of the Liver
Ophthalmic Inflammation
Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia
Adipose
Corneal Lipidosis
Hepatic Lipidosis
Squamous Hyperplasia/Metaplasia
Malignant Neoplasia
Lymphoma/Lymphocytic Leukemia
Sarcoma
Neoplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Neoplasia of the Respiratory Tract
Cutaneous Neoplasms
Reproductive Tract Neoplasia
Effusions
Infectious Agents
Bacteria
Fungal Infections
Parasitic Infections
Specific Bacterial Infections
Viral Infections
Pentastomes
References
24. Herptile Cytology Clinical Case Presentation
Case 1: Snake with a Bulging Right Eye
Case 2: Lizard with Lethargy and Neurologic Disorder
Case 3: Lizard with Skin Lesion
Case 4: Thin Snake with Swollen Mouth
Case 5: Snake with Diarrhea
SECTION IV: Fish
25. Blood Sample Collection and Preparation in Fish
Blood Sample Collection
General Considerations
Blood Volume Collection
Collection Sites
Blood Sampling Handling and Preparation
Anticoagulant
Long-Term Storage
Blood Film Techniques and Stain
Laboratory Submission
References
26. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Fish
Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters
Packed Cell Volume
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Hemoglobin
Total Erythrocyte Concentration
Erythrocyte Indices
Plasma Appearance and Protein
Leukocyte Parameters
Semidirect Method for Manual Leukocyte Concentration
Direct Methods for Manual Leukocyte Concentration
Leukocyte Differential
Thrombocyte Parameters
Whole Blood Preservatives
References
27. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood of Fish
Fish Erythrocytes
Morphology and Color
Immature Erythrocytes
Factors Affecting the Piscine Erythrogram
Species
Age and Sex
Season and Environment
Erythrocyte Response to Disease
Anemia in Fish
Fish Leukocytes
Granulocytes of Teleost Fish
Granulocytes of Cartilaginous Fish (Sharks and Rays)
Lymphocytes of Fish (Bony and Cartilaginous)
Monocytes of Fish (Bony and Cartilaginous)
Leukocytes of Commonly Studied Bony Fish
Variations to the Leukogram of Fish
Granulocytes and Inflammation
Lymphocytosis and Lymphopenia
Monocytes
Nutritional Disorders
Fish Thrombocytes and Hemostasis
Thrombocytes
Hemostasis
Fish Blood Parasites
Intracellular Parasites
Extracellular Parasites
Viral Inclusions
References
28. Piscine Hematopoiesis
References
29. Fish Hematology Clinical Case Presentations
Case 1: Nurse Shark with Excessive Gilling
Case 2: Reticulated Stingray with Bite Wounds
Case 3: Southern Stingray with Anorexia
Case 4: Knifefish with Tail Wound
Case 5: Toadfish Found Abnormally Floating
30. Sample Collection for Wet Mounts and Cytodiagnosis in Fish
Sampling Techniques for Wet Mounts
Mucus Smear
Fin Biopsy
Gill Biopsy
Fecal Sample
Sampling Techniques for Cytodiagnosis
The Integument
Alimentary Tract
Respiratory Tract
Coelomic Fluid
References
31. Wet Mount Microscopy in Fish
Sample Evaluation
Gill Biopsies
Mucus Smears and Fin Biopsies
Nonparasitic Pathogens
Bacteria
Fungus
Lymphocystis
Cutaneous Fish Parasites
Ciliate Protozoa
Flagellate Protozoa
Myxozoa
Microspordians
Monogeneans
Digenean Trematodes
Turbellarians
Crustaceans
Nematodes
Coccidia
Nonpathogenic Organisms
References
32. Wet Mount Microscopy in Fish Clinical Case Presentations
Case 1: Tiger Barb with Skin and Behavior Changes
Case 2: Goldfish Newly Arrived
Case 3: Cichlid with a Missing Eye
Case 4: Catfish with Rapid Breathing and Lethargy
Case 5: Damselfish with Skin Lesions and Behavior Change
33. Piscine Cytodiagnosis
Skin
Calcinosis Circumscripta
Fecal Cytology
Mycobacteriosis
Saprolegniasis
Thyroid
Hepatic Lipidosis
Neoplasia
Effusions
Parasites
Sample Contamination
References
34. Piscine Cytology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case PresentationsCase 1: Shark with Cutaneous Nodules
Case 2: Trout with a Mass on Mandible
Case 3: Seahorse with Possible Gas Bubble Disease
Case 4: Carp with Swollen Operculum
Case 5: Perch with Mass on Left Gill
Appendices
A. Stains and Solutions Use in Hematology and Cytology
Acid-Fast Stain
Gram’s Stain
Macchiavello’s Stain
Modified Giménez Stain
New Methylene Blue Stain
Standard Natt and Herrick’s Solution and Stain
Elasmobranch-Modified Natt and Herrick’s Solution and Stain
Elasmobranch-Modified Heparin-EDTA
Elasmobranch-Modified ACD Solution
Quick or Stat Stains
Sudan III and Sudan IV Stains
Wright’s Stain
Wright-Giemsa Stain
B. Hematologic Values
C. Hemic Cell Plates
Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis)
Macaw spp. (Ara spp.)
Blue-headed Pionus Parrot (Pionus mentruus)
California King Snake (Lampropeltis getula californiae)
Common Boa (Boa constrictor)
Jungle Carpet Python (Morelia spilota cheynei)
Green Iguana (Iguana iguana)
Savannah Monitor (Varanus exanthematicus)
Russian Tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii)
Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)
Dwarf Caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus)
American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)
Colorado River Toad (Incilius alvarius)
Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)
Iridescent Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)
Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Leopoldi Stingray (Potamotrygon leopoldi)
Cownose Ray (Rhinoptera bonasus)
Southern Stingray (Hypanus americanus)
Whitespotted Bamboo Shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum)
Nurse Shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum)
D. Common Artifacts Found in Blood Films and Cytologic Samples
Index
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