Experimental Designs Using ANOVA (with Student Suite CD-ROM)

, by Tabachnick, Barbara G.; Fidell, Linda S.

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ISBN: 9780534405144 | 0534405142
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/8/2006

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Succeed in statistics with EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN USING ANOVA with accompanying STUDENT SUITE CD-ROM! With a practical approach, this statistics text provides you with instructions on how to perform both simple and complex analyses by hand, through regression, and through SPSS and SAS so that you will be prepared to effectively design and analyze research projects. Examples and exercises found throughout the text help clarify difficult concepts. Use the accompanying CD-ROM and the book-specific website to access data sets for these examples and exercises. All chapters follow a similar outline allowing you to readily and easily find the material you are looking for.

Preface

xix

Introduction

(28)

The Nature of Research

(4)

IVs and DVs

(1)

What Is an Experiment?

(2)

What If It Isn't an Experiment?

(1)

Relationship between Design and Analysis

(1)

Monitoring Processes to Aid in Experimental Design

(1)

Types of Research Designs

(5)

Randomized-Groups Designs

(1)

Repeated-Measures Designs

(1)

One-Way and Factorial Designs

(1)

Blocking Designs

(1)

Crossing and Nesting

(2)

Types of Treatments

(1)

Qualitative IVs

(1)

Quantitative IVs

(1)

Outcome Measures

(1)

Types of Outcome Measures

(1)

Number of Outcome Measures

(1)

Overview of Research Designs

(4)

Continuous Outcomes

(3)

Rank Order Outcome

(1)

Discrete Outcomes

(1)

Time as an Outcome

(1)

Overview of Issues Encountered in Most Designs

(4)

Statistical Inference

(2)

Power

(1)

Effect Size

(1)

Parameter Estimates

(1)

To Test or Not to Test?

(1)

Generalizing Results

(1)

Computer Assistance

(2)

Programs for Statistical Analysis

(2)

Programs for Designing Experiments

(1)

Organization of the Book

(1)

Choosing a Design: Some Guidelines

(2)

Problem Sets

(2)

Organizing Describing, and Screening

(40)

Organizing Data for a Computer

(4)

Discrete, Continuous, and Ordinal Data

(1)

Randomized-Groups Designs

(1)

Repeated-Measures Designs

(1)

Describing Data from One Variable

(20)

Discrete Variables

(1)

Ordinal Variables

(2)

Continuous Variables

(16)

Describing Relationships between Two Variables

(14)

Both Variables Discrete

(3)

Both Variables Continuous

(4)

One Discrete and One Continuous Variable

(7)

Problem Sets

(2)

Basic ANOVA: Logic of Analysis and Tests of Assumptions

(29)

Introduction

(1)

Analysis of Variance

(12)

The General Linear Model

(1)

Generation of a Data Set

(2)

The Basic Analysis

(9)

The Regression Approach to ANOVA

(4)

Birariate Regression and Basic ANOVA

(4)

Why Bother?

(1)

Assumptions of Analysis

(4)

Normality of Sampling Distribution of Means

(1)

Independence of Errors

(1)

Homogeneity of Variance

(1)

Absence of Outliers

(1)

Other Recurring Issues

(6)

Effect Size

(1)

Power

(1)

Comparisons

(1)

Orthogonality

(1)

Coding

(1)

Missing Values

(1)

Transformations

(2)

Overview of Remaining Chapters

(1)

Problem Sets

(1)

One-Way Randomized-Groups Analysis of Variance, Fixed-Effects Designs

(56)

General Purpose and Description

(1)

Kinds of Research Questions

(2)

Effect of the IV

100

(1)

Specific Comparisons

100

(1)

Parameter Estimates

100

(1)

Effect Sizes

101

(1)

Power

101

(1)

Assumptions and Limitations

101

(1)

Theoretical Issues

101

(1)

Practical Issues

102

(1)

Fundamental Equations

102

(9)

Allocation of Cases

102

(1)

Partition of Variance

103

(1)

Traditional ANOVA Approach (Three Levels)

103

(1)

Regression Approach (Three Levels)

104

(4)

Computer Analyses of Small-Sample One-Way Design

108

(3)

Some Important Issues

111

(29)

Effect Size

111

(4)

Power and Sample Size

115

(5)

Unequal Sample Sizes

120

(2)

Homogeneity of Variance

122

(1)

Specific Comparisons

123

(17)

Complete Example of One-Way ANOVA

140

(8)

Evaluation of Assumptions

141

(2)

Planned Trend Analysis for One Way Randomized-Groups Design

143

(5)

Comparison of Programs

148

(3)

SPSS Package

148

(1)

SAS System

148

(3)

SYSTAT System

151

(1)

Problem Sets

151

(3)

Factorial Randomized-Groups, Fixed-Effects Designs

154

(88)

General Purpose and Description

154

(1)

Kinds of Research Questions

155

(3)

Effects of the IVs

155

(1)

Effect of Interactions among IVs

156

(1)

Specific Comparisons

156

(1)

Parameter Estimates

157

(1)

Effect Sizes

157

(1)

Power

157

(1)

Assumptions and Limitations

158

(1)

Theoretical Issues

158

(1)

Practical Issues

158

(1)

Fundamental Equations

159

(15)

Allocation of Cases

160

(1)

Partition of Sources of Variance

161

(2)

Traditional ANOVA Approach (3 X 3)

163

(2)

Regression Approach (3 X 3)

165

(5)

Computer Analyses of Small-Sample Factorial Design

170

(4)

Other Types of Randomized-Groups Designs

174

(7)

Higher-Order Factorial Designs

175

(5)

Factorial Design with a Single Control

180

(1)

Some Important Issues

181

(40)

Interpreting Interactions

181

(6)

Effect Size

187

(3)

Power and Sample Size

190

(2)

Specific Comparisons

192

(24)

Unequal Sample Sizes

216

(5)

Complete Example of Two-Way Randomized-Groups ANOVA

221

(15)

Evaluation of Assumptions

221

(4)

Randomized-Groups Analysis of Variance

225

(11)

Comparison of Programs

236

(4)

SPSS Package

236

(3)

SAS System

239

(1)

SYSTAT System

239

(1)

Problem Sets

240

(2)

Repeated-Measures Designs

242

(74)

General Purpose and Description

242

(1)

Kinds of Research Questions

243

(2)

Effect of the IVs

244

(1)

Effect of Interactions among IVs

244

(1)

Parameter Estimates

244

(1)

Effect Sizes

244

(1)

Power

245

(1)

Specific Comparisons

245

(1)

Assumptions and Limitations

245

(4)

Theoretical Issues

245

(1)

Practical Issues

246

(3)

Fundamental Equations

249

(31)

One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA

249

(12)

Factorial Repeated-Measures Designs

261

(19)

Types of Repeated-Measures Designs

280

(2)

Time as a Variable

280

(1)

Simultaneous Repeated Measures

281

(1)

Matched Randomized Blocks

281

(1)

Some Important Issues

282

(20)

Carryover Effects: Control of Extraneous Variables

282

(2)

Assumptions of Analysis: Independence of Errors, Sphericity, Additivity, and Symmetry

284

(4)

Power, Sample Size, and Relative Efficiency

288

(1)

Effect Size

289

(2)

Missing Data

291

(1)

Specific Comparisons

292

(10)

Complete Example of Two-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA

302

(10)

Evaluation of Assumptions

302

(2)

Planned Trend Analysis of Two-Way Repeated-Measures Design

304

(8)

Comparison of Programs

312

(2)

SPSS Package

312

(1)

SAS System

313

(1)

SYSTAT System

313

(1)

Problem Sets

314

(2)

Mixed Randomized-Repeated Designs

316

(63)

General Purpose and Description

316

(2)

Kinds of Research Questions

318

(1)

Effects of the IVs

318

(1)

Effects of Interactions among IVs

318

(1)

Parameter Estimates

318

(1)

Effect Sizes

318

(1)

Power

318

(1)

Specific Comparisons

319

(1)

Assumptions and Limitations

319

(2)

Theoretical Issues

319

(1)

Practical Issues

319

(2)

Fundamental Equations

321

(17)

Allocation of Cases

321

(1)

Partition of Sources of Variance

322

(2)

Traditional ANOVA for the Mixed Design

324

(3)

Regression Approach to the Mixed Design

327

(5)

Computer Analyses of Small-Sample Mixed Design

332

(6)

Types of Mixed Designs

338

(2)

The Pretest-Posttest Design

338

(1)

Expanding Mixed Designs

338

(2)

Some Important Issues

340

(15)

Comparisons on the Margins

340

(5)

Simple Main Effects Analysis

345

(3)

Simple Comparisons

348

(1)

Interaction Contrasts

349

(2)

Comparisons through the Regression Approach

351

(4)

Complete Example of Mixed Randomized-Repeated ANOVA

355

(14)

Evaluation of Assumptions

356

(2)

Three-Way Mixed Randomized-Repeated ANOVA

358

(11)

Comparison of Programs

369

(2)

SPSS Package

369

(1)

SAS System

370

(1)

SYSTAT System

370

(1)

Putting It All Together for Factorial Designs

371

(6)

Allocation of Cases

371

(1)

Assumptions of Analysis

371

(1)

Error Terms

371

(2)

Setup for Regression

373

(3)

Developing Computational Equations from Degrees of Freedom

376

(1)

Problem Sets

377

(2)

Analysis of Covariance

379

(99)

General Purpose and Description

379

(3)

Kinds of Research Questions

382

(2)

Effect of the IV(s)

382

(1)

Effect of Interactions among IVs

383

(1)

Effect of Covariates

383

(1)

Parameter Estimates

383

Effect Sizes

333

(51)

Power

384

(1)

Specific Comparisons

384

(1)

Assumptions and Limitations

384

(6)

Theoretical Issues

384

(1)

Practical Issues

385

(5)

Fundamental Equations

390

(11)

Allocation of Cases to Conditions

390

(1)

Partition of Sources of Variance

390

(2)

Traditional Approach with Three Levels and One Covariate

392

(2)

Computer Analyses of Small-Sample ANCOVA

394

(5)

Computer Analysis Using Regression Approach to ANCOVA

399

(2)

Types of Designs Using Covariates

401

(11)

Randomized-Groups Factorial

401

(1)

Repeated Measures

402

(10)

Some Important Issues

412

(20)

Multiple Covariates

412

(6)

Test of Homogeneity of Regression

418

(5)

Effect Size

423

(1)

Power

424

(1)

Adjusted Means

424

(2)

Specific Comparisons

426

(4)

Alternatives to ANCOVA

430

(2)

Complete Examples of Analysis of Covariance

432

(41)

One-Way Analysis of Covariance with Five Levels and One Covariate

432

(9)

Mixed Randomized-Groups and Repeated-Measures Analysis of Covariance

441

(32)

Comparison of Programs

473

(2)

SPSS Package

473

(1)

SAS System

473

(2)

SYSTAT System

475

(1)

Problem Sets

475

(3)

Latin-Square Designs

478

(74)

General Purpose and Description

478

(3)

Kinds of Research Questions

481

(2)

Effects of the IV(s)

481

(1)

Interactions among IVs

482

(1)

Parameter Estimates

482

(1)

Effect Sizes and Power

482

(1)

Specific Comparisons

483

(1)

Assumptions and Limitations

483

(2)

Theoretical Issues

483

(1)

Practical

483

(2)

Fundamental Equations

485

(11)

Allocation of Cases

486

(1)

Partition of Sources of Variance

486

(2)

Traditional ANOVA Approach to 3 X 3 X 3 Latin Square

488

(2)

Regression Approach to 3 X 3 X 3 Latin Square

490

(2)

Analyses of Small-Sample Latin Square Example

492

(4)

Types of Latin-Square

496

(22)

Replicated Randomized-Groups Designs

497

(4)

Replicated Repeated-Measures Designs

501

(11)

Less Commonly Encountered Designs

512

(6)

Some Important Issues

518

(10)

Sphericity in Repeated-Measures Designs

519

(2)

Choosing a Latin Square

521

(1)

Power, Effect Size, and Relative Efficiency

522

(3)

Specific Comparisons

525

(2)

Missing Data

527

(1)

Complete Examples of Latin-Square ANOVA

528

(20)

Complete Example of 4 X 4 X 4 Randomized-Groups Latin-Square Analysis

528

(9)

Complete Example of a Repeated-Measures Crossover Design with Multiple Trials

537

(11)

Comparison of Programs

548

(1)

SPSS Package

549

(1)

SAS System

549

(1)

SYSTAT System

549

(1)

Problem Sets

549

(3)

Screening and Other Incomplete Designs

552

(68)

General Purpose and Description

552

(2)

Kinds of Research Questions

554

(1)

Effects of the IV(s)

554

(1)

Effects of Interactions among IV(s)

554

(1)

Parameter Estimates

554

(1)

Effect Sizes and Power

555

(1)

Specific Comparisons

555

(1)

Assumptions and Limitations

555

(2)

Theoretical Issues

555

(1)

Practical Issues

556

(1)

Fundamental Equations

557

(12)

Allocation of Cases

558

(1)

Partition of Sources of Variance

559

(1)

Regression Approach to a 25 Half-Factorial ANOVA

560

(5)

Computer Analyses of the Small-Sample 25-1 Half-Factorial ANOVA

565

(4)

Types of Screening and Other Incomplete Designs

569

(29)

Resolution of Incomplete Designs

569

(1)

Fractional-Factorial Designs

569

(6)

Plackett-Burman Designs

575

(2)

Taguchi Designs

577

(6)

Response-Surface Methodology

583

(12)

Optimal Designs

595

(3)

Some Important Issues

598

(7)

Generating Screening and Other Incomplete Designs

598

(5)

Choosing among Screening and Other Incomplete Designs

603

(2)

Complete Example of a Central-Composite Design

605

(8)

Generating the Design

606

(1)

Assumptions and Limitations

606

(3)

Three-Factor Central-Composite Design

609

(4)

Comparisons of Programs

613

(4)

SAS ADX

616

(1)

NCSS Design of Experiments

617

(1)

Problem Sets

617

(3)

Analysis of Variance with Random Effects

620

(65)

General Purpose and Description

620

(3)

Kinds of Research Questions

623

(2)

Effect of the IV(s)

623

(1)

Effects of Interactions among IVs

623

(1)

Specific Comparisons

623

(1)

Parameter Estimates

623

(1)

Effect Sizes

624

(1)

Power

624

(1)

Assumptions and Limitations

625

(2)

heoretical Issues

625

(1)

Practical Issues

626

(1)

Fundamental Equations

627

(11)

Allocation of Cases

627

(1)

Partition of Sources of Variance

628

(2)

Traditional ANOVA Approach (One Treatment Factor and One Level of Nesting)

630

(2)

Regression Approach. (One Treatment Factor and One Level of Nesting)

632

(1)

Computer Analyses of Small-Sample Nested Example

632

(6)

Types of Designs with Random Effects

638

(18)

Nested Designs

638

(6)

One-Way Random-Effects Design

644

(1)

Factorial Random-Effects Designs

644

(4)

Mixed Fixed-Random Designs

648

(8)

Some Important Issues

656

(12)

Error Terms in Random-Effects ANOVA

657

(5)

Alternative Strategies to ANOVA

662

(2)

Trend Analysis with Unequal Spacing

664

(3)

Homogeneity of Covariance

667

(1)

Effect Size

668

(1)

Complete Example of Random-Effects Anova

668

(12)

Evaluation of Assumptions

669

(7)

ANOVA for Doubly Nested Design

676

(4)

Comparison of Programs

680

(3)

SAS System

680

(2)

SPSS Package

682

(1)

SYSTAT System

683

(1)

Problem Sets

683

(2)

A Statistical Tables

685

(15)

Critical Values of F Distribution

686

(7)

Critical Values of X2 Distribution

693

(1)

Critical Values of Studentized Range Statistic Distribution

694

(2)

Critical Values of Dunnett's d-Statistic in Comparing Treatment Means with a (1-sided test)

696

(2)

Coefficients of Orthogonal Polynomials

698

(1)

Critical Values of Fmax

699

(1)

Appendix B Research Designs for Complete Examples

700

(6)

Facets in Fly's Eyes

700

(1)

Bonding Strength of Periodontal Dressings

701

(1)

Reaction Time to Identify Figures

702

(1)

Auto Pollution Filter Noise

702

(1)

Wear Testing of Fabric Samples

703

(1)

Odors and Performance

703

(1)

Processing Time for ANOVA

704

(1)

Nambeware Polishing Times

704

(1)

Chest Deceleration Injuries in Automobile Crashes

705

(1)

Fat Content of Eggs

705

(1)

References

706

(5)

Index

711

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Experimental Designs Using ANOVA (with Student Suite CD-ROM)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials