Exploitation Conservation Preservation A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use

, by Cutter, Susan L.; Renwick, William H.

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ISBN: 9780471152255 | 0471152250
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/2/2003

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Integrating physical, economic, social, and political perspectives, Cutter and Renwick's Fourth Edition presents readers with a wide range of opinions and interpretations of the major natural resource issues facing the world today.

Preface

1 NATURAL RESOURCES: THOUGHTS, WORDS, AND DEEDS

(13)

What is a Natural Resource?

(4)

Resource Cognition and Value

(3)

Kinds of Resources

(1)

Limits to Resource Classification

(1)

Conserving Resources: What Does It Mean?

(1)

ISSUE 1.1: Two Contrasting Views of Natural Resource Management

(4)

Environmental Ethics

(1)

Environmental Justice

(1)

What Values Do You Bring to the Natural Resources Debate?

(1)

Nature, Economics, and The Politics of Natural Resource Use

(1)

The Systems Approach

(1)

General Outline of the Book

(1)

References and Additional Reading

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

2 ECONOMICS OF NATURAL RESOURCES

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Economics and the Use of Resources

(4)

Characteristics of Natural Resources

(2)

Pricing Systems

(1)

Economic systems

(1)

Supply and Demand

(1)

Market Imperfections

(1)

Determining Resource Value: Quantifying the Intangibles

(1)

Benefit-Cost Analysis

(1)

ISSUE 2.1: European Integration and the Environment: EEA and EIONET

(2)

Quantifying Value

(1)

ISSUE 2.2: What Is the Value of a Human Life?

(2)

Management and Allocation of

Resources

(1)

Ownership

(3)

Social Costs

(1)

Economics of the Individual Firm

(1)

Business and the Environment:

Recent Trends

(1)

Diversification and Multinational Corporations

(1)

ISSUE 2.3: The Value of Nature

(3)

The Greening of Business

(1)

Deregulation

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References and Additional Reading

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

3 ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY, POLITICS, AND DECISION-MAKING 3O

Introduction

(1)

Natural Resource Use: A Historical Perspective

(1)

Development of Natural Resource Policy

(12)

U.S. Environmental Policy

(8)

International Policy

(4)

ISSUE: 3.1: In Fairness to All: Agenda 21 and Environmental Equity 48

Current Natural Resource Policy

(1)

How Decisions Are Made

(1)

Resource Decision-Making in the United states

(1)

International Environmental Decision-Making

(1)

ISSUE: 3.2: Politics and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)

(2)

The Decision-Making Process

(3)

Organizations

(1)

Strategies

(1)

The Role of Public Interest

(1)

The "New" Environmental Politics

(1)

References and Additional Reading

(2)

Study Questions

(1)

4 ECOLOGIC PERSPECTIVES ON NATURAL RESOURCES

(26)

Earth's Resource Environments

(6)

Bioregions

(4)

Human Use of the Land

(1)

ISSUE 4.1: What Happens When the Geography Changes?

(2)

Energy Transfers and Material Flows

(2)

Carbon Cycle

(1)

ISSUE 4.2: Silent spring versus Our Stolen Future

(6)

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

(1)

Hydrologic Cycle

(1)

Food Chains

(2)

Carrying Capacity

(1)

The Scope of Human Impact

(5)

The Extent of Environmental Pollution

(4)

Human Impact on Biogeochemical Cycles

(1)

Ecological Concepts in Resource Management

(3)

Any Given Environment Has Finite Carrying Capacity

(1)

Be Aware of Limiting Factors

(1)

Minimize Disruption by Mimicking Nature

(1)

Close the Loops

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References and Additional Reading

(1)

Study Questions

(1)

5 THE HUMAN POPULATION

(20)

A Brief History of Population Growth

(1)

Basic Demographics

(3)

Birth, Death, and Fertility

(2)

ISSUE 5.1: AIDS and Population Growth in Africa

(8)

Age Structure

(3)

Migration

(1)

Trends in Population Growth

(1)

The Distribution of Population and Population Growth

100

(2)

Regional Disparities

101

(1)

Increasing Urbanization

101

(1)

ISSUE 5.2: Megacities: The New Urban Demographic Transition

102

(1)

Population Control Strategies

102

(2)

Socioeconomic Conditions and Fertility

103

(1)

Contraception and Family Planning

103

(1)

Population Growth and Affluence

104

(1)

Conclusions

105

(1)

References and Additional Reading

105

(1)

Study Questions

106

(1)

6. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION

107

(35)

Food Production Resources

108

(7)

Crops

108

(3)

Livestock

111

(1)

The U.S. Agricultural Land Resource Base

112

(3)

Modern American Agricultural Systems

115

(1)

Natural Resources for Agricultural Production

115

(3)

Soil

116

(1)

Water

116

(2)

ISSUE 6.1: Agriculture, CO2, and Climate: The Only Certainty Is Change

118

(7)

Fertilizers and Pesticides

120

(2)

Seed

122

(2)

Labor and Machines

124

(1)

ISSUE 6.2: The Digital Farmer

125

(1)

Animals in the Food Production System

125

(3)

Environmental Impacts of Food Production

128

(8)

Soil Erosion

128

(5)

Rangeland Degradation

133

(3)

Agricultural Policy and Management

136

(1)

Subsidies

136

(1)

ISSUE 6.3: Agricultural Subsidies, Trade, and Poverty in the Developing World

136

(4)

Sustainable Agriculture

138

(1)

Rangeland Management

138

(2)

Conclusions

140

(1)

References and Additional Reading

140

(1)

Study Questions

141

(1)

7 FORESTS

142

(26)

Forests as Multiple-Use Resources

142

(2)

Forests as Fiber Resources

144

(2)

Principles of Sustainable Forestry

144

(1)

Forest Management

144

(2)

ISSUE 7.1: Chipko: Grass-Roots

Environmentalism or a Struggle for Economic Development?

146

(2)

Forest Products Technology

148

(2)

Nonfiber Uses of Forest Resources

150

(2)

Habitat

150

(1)

Water Resources

151

(1)

ISSUE 7.2: The Pacific Lumber Saga

152

(5)

Recreation

154

(1)

Carbon Storage

154

(1)

The Role of Fire

155

(2)

Deforestation and Reforestation: Three Examples

157

(9)

The Amazon Forest

157

(2)

The Siberian Forest

159

(1)

The U.S. Forestland

160

(6)

Conclusion

166

(1)

References and Additional Reading

166

(1)

Study Questions

167

(1)

8 BIODIVERSITY AND HABITAT

168

(25)

The Value of Biodiversity

168

(10)

Ecological Interactions

169

(1)

Potential Resources

169

(1)

The Inherent Value of Species

170

(2)

The Pace and Processes of Extinction

172

(3)

Causes of Biodiversity Loss

175

(3)

ISSUE 8.1: The Mass Extinction of Freshwater Mussels

178

(2)

Conservation of Biodiversity

180

(7)

Species Protection

180

(3)

Habitat Conservation

183

(3)

The Endangered Species Act

186

(1)

ISSUE 8.2: Ecotourism: Loving Wild Places to Death

187

(2)

The Convention on Biological Diversity

188

(1)

Conclusions

189

(1)

References and Additional Reading

190

(2)

Study Questions

192

(1)

9 MARINE RESOURCES: COMMON PROPERTY DILEMMAS

193

(25)

Introduction

193

(1)

The Marine Environment 193

Physical Properties

193

(3)

ISSUE 9.1: Salmon in the Pacific Northwest

196

(3)

Habitat and Biological Productivity

197

(2)

Fisheries

199

(1)

Fisheries Production

199

(1)

Fisheries in Distress

200

(1)

Minerals from the Seabed

200

(1)

Energy Resources

200

(1)

ISSUE 9.2: Strip Mining the Oceans

201

(2)

Deep-Seabed Minerals

202

(1)

Management of Marine Resources

203

(11)

The Problem of Ownership

203

(1)

The Law of the Sea Treaty

204

(3)

Marine Pollution Problems

207

(2)

Protecting Marine Ecosystems

209

(3)

Example: Exploitation and Protection of Marine Mammals

212

(2)

Conclusions

214

(1)

References and Additional Reading

215

(2)

Study Questions

217

(1)

10 WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY

218

(30)

Water Supply and Its Variability

218

(9)

Spatial Variation in Surface supply

219

(3)

Temporal Variability

222

(1)

Water Supplies and Storage

222

(5)

The Demand for Water 226

Off-Stream Uses

227

(1)

ISSUE 10.1: Water Politics in the Western United States

228

(4)

In-Stream Uses

230

(2)

Water Quality

232

(7)

Major Water Pollutants and Their Sources

232

(6)

Groundwater Pollution Problems

238

(1)

Water Pollution Control

239

(2)

Wastewater Treatment

239

(1)

Nonpoint Pollution Control

240

(1)

Pollution Prevention

241

(1)

Quality, Quantity, and the Water-Supply Problem

241

(1)

Relations Between Quality and Quantity

241

(1)

ISSUE 10.2: Water Pollution Legislation in the United States

242

(2)

ISSUE 10.3: Surf Your Watershed

244

(2)

Water Quality in Developing Regions

244

(2)

Conclusions

246

(1)

References and Additional Reading

246

(1)

Study Questions

247

(1)

11 THE AIR RESOURCE AND URBAN AIR QUALITY

248

(23)

Introduction

248

(1)

Air Pollution Meteorology

248

(4)

Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere

248

(2)

Role of Meteorology and Topography

250

(2)

Major Pollutants

252

(2)

Particulate Matter (PM)

252

(1)

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

252

(1)

Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)

253

(1)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

253

(1)

Ozone (O3) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

253

(1)

Lead (Pb)

253

(1)

Urban Air Pollution: The World's Megacities

254

(5)

Monitoring Network

254

(1)

Air-Quality Patterns

254

(1)

Economic Development and Air Pollution

254

(2)

Urban Air Pollution in the United States

256

(1)

Air Pollution Monitoring in the United States

256

(3)

ISSUE 11.1: On a Clear Day You Can See the Grand Canyon

259

(4)

National Trends

259

(3)

How Healthy Is the Air You Breathe?

262

(1)

ISSUE 11.2: Green Days, Red Days

263

(1)

Air-Quality Control and Planning

264

(1)

ISSUE 11.3: Smog City, USA

264

(3)

Toxins in the Air

267

(2)

Indoor Air Pollution

268

(1)

Conclusions

269

(1)

References and Additional Reading

269

(1)

Study Questions

270

(1)

12 REGIONAL AND GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CHANGE

271

(24)

Acid Deposition

271

(8)

Formation and Emissions Sources

271

(6)

Geographic Extent and Effects on the Environment 275

Control and Management

277

(2)

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

279

(5)

Ozone-Depleting Chemicals

280

(1)

The Ozone Hole Is Discovered

280

(1)

Reducing ODCs: The Montreal Protocol

281

(3)

ISSUE 12.1: Black Market Freon

284

(1)

Global Climate Change

284

(6)

The Greenhouse Effect

285

(1)

Greenhouse Gases

285

(2)

Impacts

287

(3)

ISSUE 12.2: The Costs of Global Warning

290

(2)

Greenhouse Politics and Emissions

Stabilization

290

(2)

Conclusions

292

(1)

References and Additional Reading

293

(1)

Study Questions

294

(1)

13 NONFUEL MINERALS

295

(19)

Introduction

295

(1)

Reserves and Resources

295

(3)

Availability of Major Minerals

298

(4)

Geology of Mineral Deposits

298

(1)

Variations in Reserves and Resources

299

(1)

World Reserves and Resources

299

(2)

U.S. Production and Consumption

301

(1)

Strategic Minerals and Stockpiling

302

(2)

Mining Impacts and Policy

304

(2)

Environmental Considerations

304

(1)

Social Impacts

305

(1)

ISSUE 13.1: The New Gold Rush: Prospecting Is Poison

306

(2)

Nonfuel Minerals Policy 308

Conserving Minerals: Reuse, Recovery, Recycling

308

(1)

ISSUE 13.2: Living with Boom and Bust

309

(2)

ISSUE 13.3: Computers as Solid Waste

311

(1)

Conclusions

311

(1)

References and Additional Reading

312

(1)

Study Questions

313

(1)

14 ENERGY RESOURCES

314

(36)

Energy Use in the Industrial Age

314

(4)

Wood, Coal and the Industrial Revolution

315

(1)

Oil and the Internal Combustion Engine

315

(1)

Energy Use in the Late Twentieth Century

316

(2)

Energy Sources

318

(14)

Oil and Natural Gas

318

(5)

Coal

323

(4)

Other Fossil Fuels

327

(1)

Nuclear Power

327

(4)

Renewable Energy

331

(1)

ISSUE 14.1: The Legacy of Chernobyl

332

(4)

ISSUE 14.2: The Three Gorges Dam

336

(7)

Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation

340

(3)

Energy Futures

343

(2)

High-Energy Options

343

(1)

Low-Energy Options

344

(1)

Energy Policies for the Future

345

(1)

ISSUE 14.3: Electric Energy Deregulation and the California Energy Crisis

346

(4)

References and Additional Reading

348

(1)

Study Questions

349

(1)

15 THE TRANSITION TO A GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY

350

(19)

Limits to Growth?

350

(2)

What Is Sustainable Development?

352

(1)

Environmental Versus Economic Sustainability

352

(1)

A Working Definition of Sustainability

353

(1)

How Does Sustainability Work?

353

(7)

Waste Recycling

355

(1)

Waste Reduction

356

(2)

Design for Reuse and Recycling

358

(1)

Changing Consumption Patterns

359

(1)

Science and Technology for Sustainability

360

(1)

Tipping the Balance

360

(6)

Individual Action

361

(1)

Corporate Action

361

(1)

Government Action

362

(4)

Looking Forward

366

(1)

References and Additional Reading

366

(1)

Study Questions

367

(2)

GLOSSARY

369

(13)

INDEX

382

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Exploitation Conservation Preservation A Geographic Perspective on Natural Resource Use

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials