Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople

Exploratiois the first survey of Roman military and civil intelligence. N.J.E. Austin and N.B. Rankov investigate how intelligence was gathered in the Roman Empire, in the long term to help formulate strategy, and in the short term for tactical reasons. The book discusses who gathered it and for whom, and how their methods grew in sophistication over the six centuries from the outbreak of the Second Punic War in 218 BC to the Battle of Adrianople in AD 378.