FDTD Modeling of Metamaterials : Theory and Applications

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ISBN: 9781596931602 | 1596931604
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/31/2008

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Metamaterials have made a huge splash in antenna, microwave, and optics engineering thanks to their extraordinary electromagnetic properties. And now, modeling their unique characteristics and behaviors in electromagnetic systems just got easier. This one-stop resource gives engineers powerful finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) techniques for modeling these exotic artificial materials, complete with applications and time-saving novel techniques. This comprehensive volume covers a wide range of critical areas, including: Historical reviews of metamaterials; Physics of complex electromagnetic materials; Homogenization of metamaterials and effective medium models; Fundamental limits and figure of merit study of metamaterials; Characterizing the interface of metamaterial slabs and quantifying their spatial and frequency dispersion characteristics; Conformal and dispersive FDTD modeling of electromagnetic cloaks, perfect lens, and plasmonic waveguides; Microfabrication of metamaterials and experimental characterization of metamaterials; A critical look at metamaterial applications in antenna and microwave engineering. Book jacket.

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
What Are Electromagnetic Metamaterials?	p. 1
A Historical Overview of Electromagntic Metamaterials	p. 2
Artificial Dielectrics	p. 4
Artificial Magnetic Materials	p. 8
Bianisotropic Composites	p. 8
Double-Negative and Indefinite Media	p. 9
Photonic and Electromagnetic Crystals	p. 11
Numerical Modeling of Electromagnetic Metamaterials	p. 15
Layout of the Book	p. 17
References	p. 18
Fundamentals and Applications of Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
Bloch's Theorem and the Dispersion Diagram	p. 25
Translational Symmetry	p. 26
Bloch's Theorem and Periodic Boundary Condition (PBC)	p. 27
Brillouin Zone	p. 29
Dispersion Diagram and EBG	p. 30
An Overview of Numerical Methods for Modeling EBG Structures	p. 33
The Generalized Rayleigh's Identity Method and the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) Method	p. 33
Plane-Wave Expansion Method	p. 35
The Transfer-Matrix Method	p. 36
The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method	p. 39
An Overview of EBG Applications	p. 41
In-Phase Reflection	p. 41
Suppression of Surface Waves	p. 45
EBGs Operating in Defect Modes	p. 46
Subwavelength Imaging from the Passband of the EBGs	p. 58
Summary	p. 61
References	p. 61
A Brief Introduction to the FDTD Method for Modeling Metamaterials	p. 67
Introduction	p. 67
Formulations of the Yee's FDTD Algorithm	p. 67
Maxwell's Equations	p. 67
Yee's Orthogonal Mesh	p. 69
Time Domain Discretization: The Leapfrog Scheme and the Courant Stability Condition (CFL Condition)	p. 70
Other Spatial Domain Discretization Schemes	p. 72
Subgridding Mesh	p. 72
Nonorthogonal Mesh	p. 75
Hybrid FDTD Meshes	p. 76
Boundary Conditions	p. 78
Mur's Absorbing Boundary Conditions (ABCs)	p. 78
Perfect Matched Layers (PMLs)	p. 80
Periodic Boundary Condition (PBC)	p. 81
Bandgap Calculation	p. 83
Source Excitation	p. 84
Dispersion Diagram Calculation	p. 84
Transmission and Reflection Coefficient Calculation	p. 85
Summary	p. 87
References	p. 88
FDTD Modeling of EBGs and Their Applications	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
FDTD Modeling of Infinite Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures	p. 91
Physical Model of EBG Structures	p. 91
Mesh Generation and Simulation Parameters in FDTD Modeling	p. 93
Simulation Results of Infinite EBGs Using the Conformal and Yee's FDTD	p. 94
Conformal FDTD Modeling of (Semi-)Finite EBG Structures	p. 102
FDTD Model and Simulation Results	p. 102
Design and Modeling of Millimeter-Wave EBG Antennas	p. 105
Introduction	p. 105
Design and Modeling of Woodpile EBG	p. 108
A Millimeter-Wave EBG Antenna Based on a Woodpile Structure	p. 115
Experimental Results	p. 117
Conclusions	p. 121
References	p. 121
Left-Handed Metamaterials (LHMs) and Their Applications	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Effective Medium Theory and Left-Handed Metamaterials	p. 123
A Composite Medium of Metallic Wires and Split Ring Resonators	p. 124
Isotropic Three-Dimensional Left-Handed Metamaterials	p. 125
Left-Handed Metamaterials Using Simple Short Wire Pairs	p. 126
Applications of Left-Handed Metamaterials	p. 127
Imaging by a Perfect LHM Lens	p. 127
Transmission Line Structures of Left-Handed Metamaterials	p. 128
Directive Electromagnetic Scattering by an Infinite Conducting Cylinder Coated with LHMs	p. 142
Negative Index Materials (NIM) for Selective Angular Separation of Microwave by Polarization	p. 144
References	p. 145
Numerical Modeling of Left-Handed Material (LHM) Using a Dispersive FDTD Method	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
The Effective Medium of Left-Handed Materials (LHMs)	p. 148
Modeling of Left-Handed Metamaterials Using a Dispersive FDTD Method	p. 156
Two-Dimensional Dispersive FDTD with Auxiliary Differential Equations (ADEs)	p. 156
Phase Compensation Through Layered LHM Structures	p. 160
Conjugate Dielectric and Metamaterial Slab as Radomes	p. 161
Numerical Results	p. 163
Conclusions	p. 169
References	p. 169
FDTD Modeling and Figure-of-Merit (FOM) Analysis of Practical Metamaterials	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
EM Response of the Infinite, Doubly Periodic DNG Slab with Plane Wave Illumination	p. 174
Model Description of the Array Comprising of Split-Ring Resonators and Wires	p. 174
Scattering Parameters Measurements Obtained from the PBC/FDTD Code	p. 174
Phase Data Inside the DNG Slab	p. 175
Retrieval of Effective Material Constitutive Parameters Using the Inversion Approach	p. 182
Review of the Inversion Approach	p. 182
Retrieval of the Effective Material Parameters from the Numerical S-Parameters Obtained from FDTD Simulations of Metamaterials	p. 186
Summary of the Difficulties Encountered Using the Inversion Approach for Effective Medium Characterization	p. 207
EM Response of a Finite Artificial-DNG Slab with Localized Beam Illumination	p. 208
Slab with Localized Beam Illumination	p. 209
FDTD Model	p. 209
Total Transmission and Reflection Power Under Gaussian Beam Illumination	p. 210
EM Response of the Artificial-DNG Slab at Normal Incidence with Ey Polarization	p. 213
EM Response of the Artificial-DNG Slab at Oblique TM[subscript z] Incidence Coming from ([theta] = 150&dg, [phi] = 90[degree]) with Hx Polarization	p. 219
EM Response of the Artificial-DNG Slab at Oblique TE[subscript z] Incidence Coming from [theta] = 150[degree], [phi] = 0[degree] with Ey Polarization	p. 223
EM Response of a Finite Artificial-DNG Slab Excited by Small Dipole	p. 226
Figure-of-Merit (FOM) Analysis	p. 228
Loss and Bandwidth of Metamaterials with Different Electrical Sizes and Particle Densities	p. 229
Figure-of-Merit Analysis by Numerical Experiments	p. 232
Conclusions	p. 236
References	p. 236
Accurate FDTD Modeling of a Perfect Lens	p. 239
Introduction	p. 239
Dispersive FDTD Modeling of LHMs with Spatial Averaging at the Boundaries	p. 241
The (E, D, H, B) Scheme	p. 242
The (E, J, H, M) Scheme	p. 244
The Spatial Averaging Methods	p. 245
Numerical Implementation	p. 250
Effects of Material Parameters on the Accuracy of Numerical Simulation	p. 255
Effects of Switching Time	p. 258
Effects of Transverse Dimensions on Image Quality	p. 260
Modeling of Subwavelength Imaging	p. 262
Conclusions	p. 264
References	p. 264
Spatially Dispersive FDTD Modeling of Wire Medium	p. 267
Introduction	p. 267
Spatial Dispersion in the Wire Medium	p. 269
Spatially Dispersive FDTD Formulations	p. 270
Stability and Numerical Dispersion Analysis	p. 274
Perfectly Matched Layer for Wire Medium Slabs	p. 279
Numerical Thickness of Wire Medium Slabs	p. 282
Two-Dimensional FDTD Simulations	p. 286
Three-Dimensional FDTD Simulations	p. 294
Experimental Verifications	p. 297
Internal Imaging by Wire Medium Slabs	p. 299
Conclusions	p. 303
References	p. 304
FDTD Modeling of Metamaterials for Optics	p. 307
Introduction	p. 307
Dispersive FDTD Modeling of Silver-Dielectric Layered Structures for Subwavelength Imaging	p. 307
Introduction	p. 307
FDTD Modeling of the Silver-Dielectric Layered Structure	p. 310
Numerical Results and Discussions	p. 311
A Metamaterial Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope	p. 316
Introduction	p. 316
Theory	p. 317
Simulation	p. 317
FDTD Study of Guided Modes in Nanoplasmonic Waveguides	p. 321
Conformal Dispersive FDTD Method Using Effective Permittivities (EPs)	p. 322
FDTD Calculation of Dispersion Diagrams	p. 326
Wave Propagation in Plasmonic Waveguides Formed by Finite Number of Elements	p. 331
FDTD Modeling of Electromagnetic Cloaking Structures	p. 333
Dispersive FDTD Modeling of the Cloaking Structure	p. 335
Numerical Results and Discussion	p. 341
References	p. 346
Overviews and Final Remarks	p. 353
Introduction	p. 353
Overview of Advantages and Disadvantages of the FDTD Method in Modeling Metamaterials	p. 353
Overview of Metamaterial Applications and Final Remarks	p. 354
Small Antennas Enclosed by an ENG Shell	p. 357
Focusing and Superlensing Effects	p. 361
Performance Enhancement of Planar Antennas	p. 370
Electromagnetic Cloaks	p. 370
References	p. 371
List of Abbreviations	p. 373
About the Authors	p. 375
Index	p. 377
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