Federal Courts And The Law Of Federal-state Relations

, by Low, Peter W.; Jeffries, John C., Jr.

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ISBN: 9781587785740 | 1587785749
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/14/2004

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This law school casebook provides detailed information on federal courts and the law of federal-state relations. The first part of the book explores the intersection of federalism and separation of powers that provide the constitutional foundations of a modern Federal Courts course. Part II covers jurisdiction, and Part III deals with Federal Court enforcement of Federal rights. The final chapter is devoted to certain technically complex questions of remedial interaction, notably the relation of federal habeas corpus to § 1983.

Introduction

iii

Table of Cases

xxix

Table of Secondary Authorities

liii

PART I. FEDERALISM AND SEPARATION OF POWERS: THE BASIC STRUCTURE

(475)

Choice of Law in the Federal System

(122)

State Law in Federal Court

(30)

Erie Railroad Company v. Tompkins

(6)

Notes on State Law in Federal Courts

(1)

Swift v. Tyson

(1)

The Legislative History of § 34

(2)

The Constitutional Premises of Erie

(1)

Equal Protection

(1)

Federalism

(1)

Separation of Powers

(2)

Examples of Federal Common Law

(1)

Lawsuits Between States

(1)

McCulloch v. Maryland

(1)

The Dormant Commerce Clause

(1)

Semtek International v. Lockheed Martin

(1)

Dice v. Akron, Canton & Youngstown Railroad

(1)

Concluding Questions and Comments

(1)

Notes on the Administration of Erie

(1)

Substance and Procedure

(1)

State Law in Non-Diversity Cases

(1)

Federal Law in Diversity Cases

(1)

Ascertaining State Law

(1)

Remedies for Uncertain State Law

(1)

Decline Jurisdiction

(1)

Abstention

(1)

Certified Questions

(1)

Concluding Questions

(1)

Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Manufacturing Co., Inc.

(1)

Notes on Choice of State Law by Federal Courts

(1)

Conflict of Laws

(1)

Substance and Procedure in Choice of Law

(1)

Griffin v. McCoach

(1)

Van Dusen v. Barrack

(1)

Ferens v. John Deere Co.

(1)

Majority Opinion

(2)

The Dissent

(1)

Federal Law in State Court

(41)

Notes on the Power of State Courts to Hear Federal Questions

(1)

Gulf Offshore Co.

(1)

Tafflin v. Levitt

(2)

From Power to Duty

(1)

Howlett v. Rose

(10)

Notes on the Duty of State Courts to Hear Federal Questions

(1)

Testa v. Katt

(1)

Claflin v. Houseman

(1)

The FELA Cases

(1)

Mondou

(1)

Douglas

(1)

McKnett

(1)

Pitcairn and Mayfield

(1)

Questions and Comments

(2)

The Anti-Commandeering Principle

(1)

Johnson v. Fankell

(5)

Notes on the Occasional Duty of State Courts to Apply Federal Procedures

(1)

Felder v. Casey

(2)

The FELA Cases

(1)

Dice v. Akron, Canton & Youngstown Railroad Co.

(3)

Brown v. Western Railway Co. of Alabama

(1)

Questions and Comments on the FELA Cases

(1)

Questions and Comments on Johnson v. Fankell

(1)

Federal Claims Raised by Defendants

(1)

Jackson v. Denno

(1)

Chapman v. California

(1)

Questions and Comments on Claims Raised by Defendants

(1)

Notes on Precluding State Courts From Hearing Federal Questions

(1)

Background

(1)

Tarble's Case

(1)

Questions and Comments on Tarble's Case

(1)

McClung v. Silliman

(1)

Other Suits Against Federal Officials in State Courts

(2)

Donovan v. Dallas

(2)

Questions and Comments on Donovan

(1)

Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions

(51)

Introductory Notes on the Power of the Supreme Court to Review State Court Decisions

(1)

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee

(3)

Murdock v. City of Memphis

(3)

Comments

(1)

Indiana Ex Rel. Anderson v. Brand

(4)

Notes on Federal Protection of State-Created Rights

(1)

Questions and Comments on Brand

(1)

Procedural Due Process

(1)

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee

(1)

Standard Oil Co. of California v. Johnson

(2)

Notes on Remote Federal Premise Cases

(1)

Questions and Comments on Standard Oil v. Johnson

(1)

State Tax Comm'n v. Van Cott

(1)

Moore v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co.

(1)

California v. Byers

(1)

Introductory Notes on the Adequate and Independent State Ground Doctrine

(1)

Murdock Revisited

(1)

The Modern Doctrine

(2)

Michigan v. Long

(9)

Notes on the Independence of State Grounds

101

(1)

Questions and Comments

101

(1)

Bibliography

102

(1)

Introductory Note on Bush v. Gore

103

(1)

Bush v. Gore

103

(16)

Notes on the Adequacy of State Grounds

119

(1)

NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson

119

(1)

State Rules Misapplied

120

(1)

Bush v. Gore and Supreme Court Review of State Law

121

(1)

Additional Bibliography

122

(2)

The Power of the Federal Courts to Create Federal Law

124

(111)

Federal Common Law

124

(35)

United States v. Little Lake Misere Land Co., Inc.

124

(8)

Notes on the Law Governing the Rights and Duties of the United States

132

(1)

Background

132

(1)

Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States

133

(1)

Federal or State Law

134

(1)

Content of Federal Law

135

(1)

Borrowing State Law: DeSylva v. Ballentine

135

(3)

Does It Matter How State Law Applies?

138

(1)

Boyle v. United Technologies Corp.

138

(12)

Notes on the Law Governing the Rights and Duties of Private Parties

150

(1)

Background: Suits Between Private Parties

150

(1)

Bank of America v. Parnell

150

(1)

Wallis v. Pan American Petroleum Corp

151

(2)

Miree v. DeKalb County

153

(1)

Suits Against Federal Officers

154

(1)

Howard v. Lyons

154

(1)

Barr v. Matteo

154

(1)

Westfall v. Erwin

155

(1)

Questions and Comments

156

(1)

Notes on Statutes of Limitations for Federal Claims

156

(1)

Agency Holding Corp. v. Malley-Duff & Associates

156

(3)

Questions and Comments

159

(1)

Implied Rights of Action to Enforce Federal Statutes

159

(26)

Cort v. Ash

159

(4)

Notes on Implied Rights of Action to Enforce Federal Statutes

163

(1)

J.I. Case v. Borak

163

(2)

Cannon v. University of Chicago

165

(1)

The Majority

165

(1)

The Powell Dissent

166

(2)

Post-Cannon Restrictions

168

(3)

Less Restrictive Decisions

171

(1)

Choice of Remedies to Enforce Implied Rights

172

(1)

Questions and Comments

172

(1)

42 U.S.C. § 1983: A Comparison

173

(1)

Bibliography

174

(2)

Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District

176

(9)

Note on Gebser v. Lago Vista

185

(1)

Rights of Action for the United States

185

(5)

United States v. Hudson and Goodwin

185

(2)

Notes on Judicial Creation of Rights of Action for the United States

187

(1)

Questions and Comments

187

(1)

United States v. Standard Oil

187

(2)

United States v. Gilman

189

(1)

Concluding Questions and Comments

189

(1)

Rights of Action to Enforce Constitutional Rights

190

(32)

Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics

190

(12)

Note on Bivens

202

(1)

Schweiker v. Chilicky

202

(13)

Notes on Private Rights of Action After Bivens

215

(1)

Cases Creating Bivens Actions in Other Contexts

215

(1)

Davis v. Passman

215

(1)

Carlson v. Green

216

(2)

Cases Denying Bivens Actions in Other Contexts

218

(1)

Bush v. Lucas

218

(2)

United States v. Stanley

220

(1)

Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko

221

(1)

Questions and Comments

222

(1)

Bibliography

222

(1)

Customary International Law

222

(13)

Filartiga v. Pena-Irala

222

(4)

Notes on Customary International Law As Federal Common Law

226

(1)

What Is ``Customary International Law''?

226

(1)

Customary International Law as Federal Common Law

227

(1)

Bradley and Goldsmith: The Attack on Conventional Wisdom

228

(2)

The Koh Response

230

(1)

The Bradley-Goldsmith Rejoinder

231

(1)

The Juvenile Death Penalty

231

(2)

Alvarez-Machain v. United States

233

(1)

Bibliography

233

(2)

Congressional Control of the Federal Courts

235

(120)

The Power to Limit Federal Jurisdiction

235

(27)

Introductory Notes on the Power to Limit Federal Jurisdiction

235

(1)

The Constitutional Text

235

(1)

Analysis

235

(1)

The Supreme Court

236

(1)

The Lower Federal Courts

236

(1)

Unfavorable Congressional Reaction to Supreme Court Decisions

236

(1)

Marbury v. Madison

237

(1)

A Testing Hypothetical: Abortion

238

(1)

Congressional Power to Curtail the Jurisdiction of State Courts

238

(1)

The Traditional View of Congressional Power to Limit the Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts

239

(3)

Concluding Comment

242

(1)

Ex Parte McCardle

242

(3)

Notes on the Traditional View

245

(1)

The Source of Supreme Court Jurisdiction

245

(1)

The Significance of McCardle

246

(1)

Congressional Power Over the Jurisdiction of the Lower Federal Courts: Sheldon v. Sill

247

(1)

Webster v. Doe

248

(5)

Questions and Comments

253

(1)

Notes on Competing Views of Congressional Power to Limit the Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts

254

(1)

Introduction

254

(1)

Justice Story

254

(2)

The Essential Functions Thesis

256

(3)

Independent Unconstitutionality

259

(1)

Due Process: Access to Courts

260

(1)

Discrimination Against Constitutional Claims

260

(1)

Institutional Characteristics of State and Federal Courts

261

(1)

The Power to Expand Federal Jurisdiction

262

(24)

Introductory Notes on Congressional Authority to Confer Federal Question Jurisdiction on the District Courts

262

(1)

Preliminary Comments

262

(1)

Osborn v. Bank of the United States

263

(2)

The Concept of Protective Jurisdiction

265

(1)

Textile Workers Union v. Lincoln Mills

266

(7)

Notes on the Constitutionality of Protective Jurisdiction

273

(1)

Verlinden B.V. v. Central Bank of Nigeria

273

(3)

Questions and Comments on Lincoln Mills and Verlinden

276

(1)

Modern Variations: Consumer Protection and Nuclear Power

276

(1)

Mesa v. California

277

(2)

Gutierrez de Martinez v. Lamagno

279

(4)

National Mutual Insurance Co. v. Tidewater Transfer Co.

283

(2)

Note on Tidewater Transfer

285

(1)

The Power to Create Non-Article III Courts

286

(43)

Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.

286

(27)

Notes on Northern Pipeline

313

(1)

Introduction

313

(1)

The Rationale

313

(1)

Vindication of the Text

314

(1)

Separation of Powers

314

(1)

Fairness to Litigants

315

(1)

Federalism

315

(1)

The Aftermath

316

(1)

Additional Notes on Non-Article III Adjudication

317

(1)

Thomas v. Union Carbide Agricultural Products

317

(1)

Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor

317

(2)

Questions and Comments on Article I Courts

319

(1)

Administrative Agencies: The Example of the NLRB

320

(2)

Questions and Comments on Agency Adjudication and Article III

322

(2)

Notes on Internal Delegation of Judicial Authority: U.S. Magistrates

324

(1)

Introduction

324

(1)

The Magistrates Act of 1968

324

(1)

The 1976 Amendments

325

(1)

United States v. Raddatz

325

(1)

The 1979 Magistrates Act

326

(2)

The 1983 Amendments to Rule 53

328

(1)

Limitations on the Use of Magistrates

328

(1)

Implied Consent to Trial by Magistrate

328

(1)

Bibliography

329

(1)

The Power to Reopen Final Judgments

329

(26)

Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.

329

(23)

Note on Miller v. French

352

(3)

Justiciability

355

(121)

Standing

355

(59)

Introductory Note on Standing

355

(2)

Allen v. Wright

357

(18)

Notes on Standing as a Constitutional Requirement

375

(1)

The Requirement of Injury: Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War

375

(1)

Questions and Comments on the Requirement of Injury

376

(1)

The Requirements of Causation and Redressability: Warth v. Seldin

376

(1)

Questions and Comments on the Requirements of Causation and Redressability

377

(1)

Duke Power

377

(2)

Bibliography

379

(2)

Notes on Taxpayer Standing

381

(1)

Introduction

381

(1)

Frothingham v. Mellon

381

(1)

Flast v. Cohen

382

(1)

United States v. Richardson

383

(1)

Valley Forge

384

(1)

The Majority

384

(2)

The Dissent

386

(1)

Questions and Comments on Taxpayer Standing

387

(1)

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife

388

(15)

Notes on Statutory Standing

403

(1)

The ``Citizen Suit'' Provision

403

(1)

Questions and Comments on Statutory Standing

404

(1)

Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw

405

(3)

Raines v. Byrd

408

(6)

Related Doctrines

414

(45)

Third-Party Standing

414

(1)

Singleton v. Wulff

414

(7)

Notes on Third--Party Standing

421

(1)

Introduction

421

(1)

The Third Party's Ability to Raise His or Her Own Rights

422

(1)

Barrows v. Jackson

423

(1)

Eisenstadt v. Baird

423

(1)

Relationship Between Litigant and Third Party

423

(1)

Dilution of Third--Party Rights

424

(1)

The Overbreadth Doctrine

425

(1)

Ripeness

426

(1)

Poe v. Ullman

426

(6)

Notes on Ripeness

432

(1)

Relation to Standing

432

(1)

Ripeness in Context

433

(1)

Ripeness in Declaratory Judgments: Aetna Life Ins. v. Haworth

434

(1)

Questions and Comments on Poe

434

(1)

United Public Workers v. Mitchell

435

(1)

Ripeness and Standing Revisited: Duke Power

435

(2)

Ripeness in Structural Reform Litigation: O'Shea v. Littleton

437

(1)

Ripeness in Structural Reform Litigation: Los Angeles v. Lyons

438

(1)

Ripeness in the Administrative State: Related Doctrines

439

(1)

Mootness

440

(1)

Introductory Notes on Mootness

440

(1)

Introduction

440

(1)

Voluntary Cessation of Illegal Activity

440

(1)

Controversies ``Capable of Repetition, Yet Evading Review''

441

(1)

Honig v. Doe

442

(2)

City of Erie v. Pap's ``Kandyland''

444

(1)

DeFunis v. Odegaard

445

(2)

United States Parole Commission v. Geraghty

447

(9)

Notes on Mootness in Class Actions

456

(1)

Sosna v. Iowa

456

(1)

Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co.

456

(1)

Deposit Guaranty National Bank v. Roper

457

(1)

Questions and Comments on Mootness in Class Actions

458

(1)

The Political Question

459

(17)

Introductory Notes on the History of the Doctrine

459

(1)

Luther v. Borden

459

(1)

Baker v. Carr

460

(1)

Powell v. McCormack

461

(1)

Nixon v. United States

462

(8)

Additional Notes on the Political Question

470

(1)

Questions and Comments on Nixon v. United States

470

(1)

The Political Question Doctrine in Foreign Affairs: Goldwater v. Carter

470

(2)

The Political Question Doctrine and Judicial Review

472

(2)

Bibliography

474

(2)

PART II. THE JURISDICTION OF THE FEDERAL COURTS

476

(261)

Subject Matter Jurisdiction

477

(151)

Federal Question Jurisdiction

477

(43)

Introductory Notes on Federal Question Jurisdiction

477

(1)

The Statute

477

(1)

The Face-of-the-Complaint Rule

477

(2)

The Primacy of Subject Matter Jurisdiction

479

(1)

Hypothetical Jurisdiction: Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment

480

(2)

In Personam v. Subject Matter Jurisdiction: Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co.

482

(1)

When a Case ``Arises Under'' Federal Law

483

(1)

American Well Works

483

(1)

Shoshone Mining Co. v. Rutter

484

(1)

Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co

484

(1)

Moore v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry

485

(1)

Questions and Comments

486

(1)

Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Thompson

487

(2)

Pendent Jurisdiction: United Mine Workers v. Gibbs

489

(1)

Pendent Party Jurisdiction: 28 U.S.C. § 1367

490

(1)

City of Chicago v. International College of Surgeons

491

(1)

Bibliography

492

(1)

Beneficial National Bank v. Anderson

493

(10)

Notes on Preemption as a Basis for Federal Question Jurisdiction

503

(1)

Avco Corp. v. Machinists

503

(2)

Postscript on the Avco Issue

505

(2)

Franchise Tax Board

507

(2)

Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor

509

(2)

Caterpillar, Inc. v. Williams

511

(1)

Questions and Comments

512

(1)

Notes on Federal Question Jurisdiction and Declaratory Judgments

512

(1)

Skelly Oil Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co

512

(1)

A Proposed Rationale for Skelly Oil

513

(1)

Franchise Tax Board

514

(6)

Footnote on American Well Works

520

(1)

Diversity Jurisdiction

520

(27)

United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO v. R.H. Bouligny, Inc.

520

(3)

Notes on Diversity Jurisdiction

523

(1)

The Debate

523

(2)

The Case for Retention

525

(1)

The Case for Abolition

526

(1)

Strawbridge v. Curtiss

527

(1)

Questions and Comments on Bouligny

528

(1)

Interpretation of the Diversity Statute

529

(3)

Owen Equipment & Erection Co. v. Kroger

532

(9)

Additional Notes on Diversity Jurisdiction

541

(1)

Ancillary Jurisdiction

541

(2)

Supplemental Jurisdiction: 28 U.S.C. § 1367

543

(2)

Collusion: Kramer v. Caribbean Mills

545

(1)

Sandbagging

546

(1)

The Substance/Procedure Problem

547

(40)

Introductory Notes on the Substance/Procedure Problem

547

(1)

Background

547

(1)

Sibbach v. Wilson

548

(1)

Early Decisions on Substance v. Procedure

549

(1)

Guaranty Trust Co. v. York

549

(8)

Notes on Guaranty Trust

557

(1)

Comments and Questions on Guaranty Trust

557

(1)

The Varied Meanings of Substance and Procedure

557

(1)

Notes on Cases After Guaranty Trust

558

(1)

Ragan, Woods, and Cohen

558

(1)

Ragan

558

(1)

Woods

559

(1)

Cohen

560

(1)

The Rutledge Dissent

561

(1)

Byrd v. Blue Ridge

562

(2)

Hanna v. Plumer

564

(10)

Notes on Substance and Procedure After Hanna

574

(1)

Questions and Comments on Hanna

574

(1)

Walker v. Armco Steel Corp

575

(2)

Stewart Organization, Inc. v. Ricoh Corp

577

(2)

Szantay v. Beech Aircraft Corp

579

(2)

Marshall v. Mulrenin

581

(2)

Semtek International Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp

583

(3)

Bibliography

586

(1)

Finality and Appellate Review

587

(41)

Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay

587

(7)

Notes on Appellate Review of Final Decisions

594

(1)

The ``Collateral Order'' Doctrine: Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp

594

(1)

Gillespie v. United States Steel Corp

595

(2)

Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Risjord

597

(1)

Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Constr. Corp

598

(2)

Questions and Comments

600

(1)

Footnote on Supreme Court Review of Cases in the Courts of Appeals

601

(1)

Notes on Alternative Forms of Circuit Court Review of District Court Judgments

601

(1)

Interlocutory Review

601

(1)

Rule 54(b)

602

(1)

Mandamus

603

(1)

Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. v. Mayacamas Corp.

604

(1)

Appeal Under § 1291

604

(1)

Appeal Under § 1292(a)(1)

605

(1)

Mandamus

605

(1)

Bibliography

606

(1)

Notes on Supreme Court Review of Final Decisions By State Courts

606

(1)

Introduction

606

(1)

Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn

607

(1)

Federal Issue Conclusive or Outcome Preordained

608

(1)

Federal Issue Will Survive Anyway

608

(1)

Federal Issue Cannot Be Reviewed Later

609

(1)

Later Review Would Seriously Erode Federal Policy

609

(2)

Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn: The Dissent

611

(1)

Southland Corp. v. Keating

612

(1)

Hathorn v. Lovorn

613

(1)

Fort Wayne Books, Inc. v. Indiana

614

(2)

Questions and Comments

616

(1)

Additional Notes on Technical Aspects of Supreme Court Review of State Decisions

617

(1)

Initiating Review

617

(1)

The Meaning of Summary Disposition of Appeals

618

(2)

Decision by the ``Highest State Court''

620

(1)

Federal Question Raised Properly, Preserved, and Decided

620

(1)

The Relevance of Federal Rules of Standing: ASARCO, Inc. v. Kadish

620

(4)

Dept. of Labor v. Triplett

624

(1)

Nike, Inc. v. Karsky

625

(3)

Abstention

628

(109)

General Principles

628

(20)

Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States

628

(9)

Notes on Concurrent Litigation in State and Federal Courts

637

(1)

The Starting Point

637

(1)

Recognized Exceptions

637

(1)

Declaratory Judgments

638

(2)

Questions and Comments on Colorado River

640

(1)

Bibliography

640

(1)

Notes on Burford Abstention

641

(1)

Introduction

641

(1)

Burford Abstention

641

(2)

A Confusing Interlude

643

(1)

Mashuda

643

(1)

Thibodaux

644

(1)

Kaiser Steel Corp. v. W.S. Ranch Co

645

(1)

Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co.

646

(1)

Bibliography

647

(1)

Pullman Abstention

648

(14)

Railroad Commission of Texas v. Pullman Co.

648

(3)

Notes on Pullman Abstention

651

(1)

Siler v. Louisville & Nashville R. Co.

651

(1)

Questions and Comments on Pullman

652

(1)

Wisconsin v. Constantineau

652

(3)

Notes on Administration of Pullman Abstention

655

(1)

Introduction

655

(2)

Government Employees v. Windsor

657

(1)

England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners

658

(3)

Harris County Commissioners v. Moore

661

(1)

Questions and Comments on the Procedural Consequences of Abstention

661

(1)

Younger Abstention

662

(58)

Origins

662

(1)

Introductory Notes on Federal Injunctions Against State Criminal Proceedings

662

(1)

Introduction

662

(1)

Douglas v. City of Jeannette

662

(1)

Dombrowski v. Pfister

663

(1)

Effect of Allegation of Overbreadth

664

(1)

Effect of Allegation of Harassment

665

(1)

Disposition

665

(1)

Resurrection of Invalidated Statute

665

(1)

The Harlan Dissent

665

(1)

Conclusion

666

(1)

Younger v. Harris

666

(11)

Notes on Younger v. Harris

677

(1)

Introduction

677

(1)

Boyle v. Landry

677

(1)

Samuels v. Mackell

677

(1)

Perez v. Ledesma

678

(1)

Questions and Comments on Younger v. Harris

679

(1)

The Policies of Younger

680

(1)

Ex parte Royall

681

(1)

The Younger Exceptions

681

(1)

Bibliography

682

(1)

Notes on the Relevance of the Anti-Injunction Statute to Younger Abstention

683

(1)

Mitchum v. Foster

683

(3)

Questions and Comments on Mitchum

686

(1)

Criminal Proceedings

686

(1)

Steffel v. Thompson

686

(10)

Notes on Declaratory and Equitable Relief After Steffel

696

(1)

Hicks v. Miranda

696

(1)

Doran v. Salem Inn

697

(1)

Questions and Comments

698

(1)

The Relevance of State Appellate Proceedings

699

(1)

Wooley v. Maynard

699

(1)

Civil Proceedings

700

(1)

Trainor v. Hernandez

700

(9)

Notes on the Application of Younger to Civil Proceedings

709

(1)

Huffman v. Pursue, Ltd.

709

(1)

Juidice v. Vail

710

(1)

New Orleans Public Service, Inc. v. Council of City of New Orleans

711

(2)

Questions and Comments on the Extension of Younger to Civil Proceedings

713

(1)

Moore v. Sims

713

(1)

The Majority

713

(2)

The Dissent

715

(1)

Questions and Comments on Moore v. Sims

716

(1)

Commentary and Bibliography

716

(2)

Notes on the Application of Younger to Administrative Proceedings

718

(1)

Middlesex County

718

(2)

Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff

720

(1)

Anti-Injunction Act

720

(17)

Introductory Note

720

(1)

Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co. v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers

721

(7)

Notes on the Anti-Injunction Act

728

(1)

Toucey v. New York Life Ins. Co

728

(1)

Early Litigation Under the 1948 Revision

729

(1)

Capital Service

729

(1)

Amalgamated Clothing Workers

729

(2)

Leiter Minerals

731

(1)

NLRB v. Nash-Finch Co

732

(1)

The Statutory Exceptions

732

(1)

Mitchum v. Foster

733

(1)

Vendo Co. v. Lektro--Vend Corp

734

(1)

Parsons Steel, Inc. v. First Alabama Bank

735

(2)

PART III. FEDERAL COURT ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL RIGHTS

737

Habeas Corpus

738

Introductory Notes on Federal Habeas Corpus

738

The Habeas Statute

738

Section 2255

739

Plan of the Chapter

739

The Scope of Review

740

Stone v. Powell

740

Notes on Stone v. Powell

760

The History: Brown v. Allen

760

Questions and Comments on Stone v. Powell

761

Bibliography

762

Notes on Developments After Stone v. Powell

765

Failure to Extend Stone to Other Constitutional Claims

765

Relevance of Stone to Non-Constitutional Claims: Reed v. Farley

766

Harmless Error: Brecht v. Abrahamson

768

The Teague Interlude

770

Wright v. West

774

The 1996 Legislation

774

Terry Williams v. Taylor

775

Notes on the 1996 Legislation

796

Questions and Comments on Terry Williams v. Taylor

796

Bell v. Cone

797

Horn v. Banks

799

Miller-El v. Cockrell

799

Additional Ambiguities

801

Bibliography

802

Procedural Foreclosure

802

Notes on Procedural Foreclosure

802

The Exhaustion Requirement

802

Daniels v. Allen

803

Fay v. Noia

803

Wainwright v. Sykes

806

The Majority

807

The Dissent

810

The Meaning of ``Cause''

813

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel; Massaro v. United States

815

Finality of Completed Sentences Used to Enhance a Current Sentence

816

State Court Forfeitures and Federal Common Law

817

Bibliography

818

Notes on Keeney v. Tamayo--Reyes: Retrial of Issues of Fact

819

Brown v. Allen

819

Townsend v. Sain

819

Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes

821

Lee v. Kemna

824

Notes on Procedural Foreclosure Under the 1996 Legislation

841

Effect of Prior Litigation of the Facts in State Court

841

Effect of Failure to Litigate Claims in State Court

842

Michael Wayne Williams v. Taylor

843

Questions and Comments on Michael Wayne Williams v. Taylor

847

The New Legislation in Capital Cases

848

Exhaustion of State Remedies and Repetitive Applications

850

Rose v. Lundy

850

Notes on Exhaustion of State Remedies and Repetitive Applications

863

Ex parte Royall

863

The Nature of the Requirement: Fay v. Noia

864

Repetitive Applications: Sanders v. United States

865

McCleskey v. Zant

866

Limitation Periods Under the 1996 Legislation

866

Repetitive Applications Under the 1996 Legislation

867

The Constitutionality of the 1996 Legislation: Felker v. Turpin

868

Questions and Comments on the 1996 Legislation

870

Stewart v. Martinez-Villareal

871

Questions and Comments on Martinez-Villareal

873

Duncan v. Walker

874

Tyler v. Cain

883

Claims of Innocence

893

Herrera v. Collins

893

Notes on Herrera v. Collins

914

The 1996 Legislation

914

Bibliography

915

Bousley v. United States

916

State Sovereign Immunity and the 11th Amendment

927

Nature of the Limitation

927

Introductory Notes on the Origins and Meaning of the 11th Amendment

927

Chisholm v. Georgia

927

Reaction to Chisholm

928

The Next Hundred Years

928

Hans v. Louisiana

929

The Immunity Interpretation

931

Concluding Comments

932

Ex Parte Young

933

Notes on Alternative Interpretations of the 11th Amendment

937

Injunctive Relief Against State Officers

937

The Diversity Interpretation

938

The Separation of Powers Interpretation

940

Concluding Comments

942

Additional Bibliography

942

Additional Notes on Ex Parte Young

944

The Anti-Injunction Act

944

Subsequent Legislative Limitations on Ex parte Young

944

Footnote on the Cause of Action

945

Edelman v. Jordan

946

Notes on State Immunity Against Award of Damages

956

Ford Motor Co. v. Department of the Treasury

956

Milliken v. Bradley (II)

958

Rosado v. Wyman

959

Will v. Michigan Department of State Police

959

Appealability of Immunity Denials: Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc

960

11th Amendment Immunity for Local Governments

961

Notes on the Intersection of the 11th Amendment and State Law

962

Suits Against One State in the Courts of Another: Nevada v. Hall

962

Federal Injunctions Against States Based on State Law: Penn hurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman

963

Consent and Congressional Abrogation

966

Introductory Notes on State Consent to Suit and Congressional Abrogation of State Sovereign Immunity

966

State Consent

966

Congressional Abrogation: Parden v. Terminal Ry

967

Congressional Abrogation: Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer

967

State Liability Under § 1983: Quern v. Jordan and Will v. Michigan Department of State Police

968

The Requirement of Clear Statement: Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon

969

Welch v. Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation

969

Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co

970

Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida

971

Notes on Seminole Tribe

992

Bibliography

992

Alden v. Maine

993

The Majority Opinion

993

The Dissent

998

College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board

1001

The Majority Opinion

1002

The Dissent

1003

Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina State Ports Authority

1004

Section 5 of the 14th Amendment

1005

City of Boerne v. Flores

1006

Notes on Abrogation of State Sovereign Immunity Under § 5 of the 14th Amendment

1019

College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board

1019

Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank

1021

Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents

1024

Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett

1025

Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs

1026

Bibliography

1033

Does Ex parte Young Survive?

1037

Introductory Note on Coeur D'alene Tribe

1037

Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe

1038

Note on Verizon Maryland, Inc. v. Public Service Commission

1046

Constitutionally Required Remedies in State Court

1047

McKesson Corp. v. Division of Alcoholic Beverages and Tobacco

1047

Notes on the Duty of State Courts to Remedy Constitutional Violations

1056

General Oil v. Crain

1056

Ward v. Love County

1057

Reich v. Collins

1059

Questions and Comments on the Duty of State Courts to Remedy Constitutional Violations

1061

Jackson v. Denno

1063

42 U.S.C. § 1983

1066

``Under Color of'' Law

1066

Monroe v. Pape

1066

Notes on 42 U.S.C. § 1983

1076

Background

1076

The Mind-Set of the Civil Rights Cases

1077

Home Telephone & Telegraph

1078

Questions and Comments on Monroe v. Pape

1079

Jurisdiction Over Civil Rights Actions

1080

Impact of Monroe v. Pape

1080

Notes on Other Civil Rights Acts

1081

Introduction

1081

Reconstruction Legislation

1081

The Act of 1866

1082

The Act of 1870

1082

The Act of 1871

1082

The Act of 1875

1082

Successor Provisions

1082

42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1982

1082

42 U.S.C. § 1985(3)

1083

18 U.S.C. § 241

1083

18 U.S.C. § 242

1083

Official Immunities

1083

Scheuer v. Rhodes

1083

Notes on Immunity From Award of Damages

1089

Background

1089

Questions and Comments on Scheuer

1089

The Meaning of Absolute Immunity

1090

The Meaning of Qualified Immunity

1091

Wood v. Strickland

1092

Harlow v. Fitzgerald

1094

Crawford-El v. Britton

1098

Anderson v. Creighton

1098

Bibliography

1101

Unnecessary Merits Adjudication

1102

Appealability of Immunity Denials: Mitchell v. Forsyth

1103

The Limits of Mitchell: Johnson v. Jones

1104

Analogous Immunities for Federal Officials

1105

Notes on Immunity From Award of Damages and the Goals of Section 1983

1107

Introduction

1107

Compensation

1107

Deterrence

1108

Qualified vs. Absolute Immunity

1112

Affirmation of Rights

1114

Note on Immunity From Prospective Relief

1116

Governmental Liability

1117

Monell v. Department of Social Services

1117

Notes on Governmental Liability Under § 1983

1128

Questions and Comments on Monell

1128

State as ``Person'' Under § 1983: Will v. Michigan Department of State Police

1129

State Official as ``Person'' When Acting in Official Capacity: Hafer v. Melo

1130

Comment on Judicial Methodology Under § 1983

1132

Owen v. City of Independence

1134

Notes on Owen v. City of Independence

1154

The Due Process Issue

1154

The Immunity Issue

1155

The Significance of Fault

1156

Subsequent Retroactivity Cases

1157

Federal Governmental Liability

1159

Introductory Notes on ``Official Policy''

1160

Introduction

1160

Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati

1160

City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik

1163

Notes on Praprotnik

1178

Questions and Comments

1178

The Significance of State Law: McMillian v. Monroe County

1179

Bibliography

1180

Notes on Failure to Train as ``Official Policy''

1182

Introduction

1182

Oklahoma City v. Tuttle

1182

City of Canton v. Harris

1183

Questions and Comments on Harris

1183

For What Wrongs?

1184

Constitutional Rights Enforceable Under § 1983

1184

Paul v. Davis

1184

Notes on ``Liberty'' and ``Property'' Protected By Due Process

1198

Introduction

1198

Questions and Comments on Paul v. Davis

1198

Siegert v. Gilley

1200

DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dept. of Social Services

1200

``Liberty'' and ``Property'' and the Relation of State and Federal Law

1204

County of Sacramento v. Lewis

1204

The Role of State Law

1205

Introductory Notes on Parratt v. Taylor and Its Progeny

1205

Parratt v. Taylor

1205

Mental Elements of § 1983

1206

Negligent Deprivation of Due Process

1206

The Process Due

1207

Hudson v. Palmer and Intentional Wrongdoing

1208

Daniels v. Williams and the Meaning of ``Deprivation''

1209

Davidson v. Cannon

1210

Questions and Comments on Parratt and Its Progeny

1212

Zinermon v. Burch

1212

Notes on the Role of State Law

1231

Questions and Comments

1231

Bibliography

1232

Non-Constitutional Rights Enforceable Under § 1983

1233

Maine v. Thiboutot

1233

Notes on Non--Constitutional Rights Enforceable Under § 1983

1244

Chapman v. Houston Welfare Rights Org

1244

Questions and Comments on Maine v. Thiboutot

1246

National Sea Clammers

1247

Wright v. Roanoke Redevelopment and Housing Authority

1249

Smith v. Robinson

1250

Confusion in the Lower Courts

1251

Commentary and Bibliography

1253

Jett v. Dallas Independent School District: Relation Between § 1981 and § 1983

1254

Golden State Transit Corp. v. Los Angeles: § 1983 Actions to Enforce Federal Preemption of State Law

1255

Dennis v. Higgins: § 1983 Actions to Enforce Negative Commerce Clause Claims

1255

Gonzaga University v. Doe: The Interaction of Section 1983 and Implied Rights of Action

1256

Attorney's Fees

1259

City of Riverside v. Rivera

1259

Notes on Determining Fee Awards

1274

Introduction

1274

``In its Discretion''

1275

``Prevailing Party''

1276

Questions and Comments on City of Riverside

1277

Limited Success: Texas State Teachers Association v. Garland Independent School District

1277

Nominal Success: Farrar v. Hobby

1278

Survival of the Contingent Fee

1279

Expert Witnesses

1280

Fee Awards for Time Spent in Administration Proceedings

1280

Fee Awards for Disputes Settled Prior to Litigation

1281

Bibliography

1283

Introductory Note on Risk Enhancement

1284

City of Burlington v. Dague

1285

Notes on Attorney's Fees and Settlement Negotiations

1295

Attorney's Fees Upon Settlement

1295

Settlement Offers and Rule 68: Marek v. Chesny

1295

The Majority

1296

The Dissent

1297

Questions and Comments on Marek v. Chesny

1298

Settlement Conditioned on Waiver of Fees: Evans v. Jeff D

1298

The Majority

1299

The Dissent

1300

Questions and Comments on Evans

1301

Remedial Interactions

1303

Relation of § 1983 to Habeas Corpus

1303

Preiser v. Rodriguez

1303

Notes on the Relation of § 1983 to Habeas Corpus

1318

Questions and Comments on Preiser

1318

Relation of Preiser to § 1983 Actions for Damages

1318

Heck v. Humphrey

1319

Notes on Damages Suits and State Criminal Proceedings

1331

Questions and Comments

1331

Abstention: Deakins v. Monaghan

1332

Justice Blackmun's Opinion

1332

Justice White's Concurrence

1334

Questions and Comments

1335

Edwards v. Balisok

1336

Res Judicata

1336

Res Judicata

1336

Allen v. McCurry

1336

Notes on Res Judicata in Civil Rights Actions

1347

Migra v. Board of Education

1347

Questions and Comments

1348

Greater Preclusive Effect in Federal Court?

1349

Haring v. Prosise

1350

Kremer v. Chemical Construction Corp

1351

McDonald v. City of West Branch

1351

Bibliography

1352

Notes on Res Judicata and Exclusive Federal Jurisdiction

1353

Will v. Calvert Fire Ins. Co.

1353

Marrese v. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

1354

Questions and Comments

1355

Civil Rights Removal

1356

Introductory Note on Removal in Federal Question and Diversity Cases

1356

Introductory Notes on Civil Rights Removal

1358

The Statute

1358

Strauder and Rives

1359

Georgia v. Rachel

1359

City of Greenwood v. Peacock

1361

The Douglas Dissent

1363

``Is Denied.''

1363

``Cannot Enforce.''

1364

Questions and Comments

1364

Relation to Other Remedies

1365

Section 1443(2)

1365

Johnson v. Mississippi

1366

Additional Notes on Civil Rights Removal

1376

Questions and Comments on Johnson v. Mississippi

1376

Bibliography

1376

Appendix A. The Constitution

(1)

Appendix B. Selected Federal Statutes

(1)

Appendix C. Judicial Review

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Federal Courts And The Law Of Federal-state Relations

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials