Feedstock Recycling of Plastic Wastes

The use of plastic materials has seen a massive increase in recent years, and generation of plastic wastes has grown proportionately. Recycling of these wastes to reduce landfill disposal is problematic due to the wide variation in properties and chemical composition among the different types of plastics. Feedstock recycling is one of the alternatives available for consideration, and Feedstock Recycling of Plastic Wastes looks at the conversion of plastic wastes into valuable chemicals useful as fuels or raw materials. Looking at both scientific and technical aspects of the recycling developments, this book describes the alternatives available. Areas include chemical depolymerization, thermal processes, oxidation and hydrogenation. Besides conventional treatments, new technological approaches for the degradation of plastics, such as conversion under supercritical conditions and coprocessing with coal are discussed. This book is essential reading for those involved in plastic recycling, whether from an academic or industrial perspective. Consultants and government agencies will also find it immensely useful.

Preface

v

Acknowledgements

viii

Introduction

1

(30)

Significance of Plastic Materials in Today's Society

1

(2)

Classes of Organic Polymers and their Main Applications

3

(10)

Classification of Polymers

4

(4)

Thermoplastics

8

(3)

Thermosets

11

(1)

Plastic Additives

11

(1)

Rubber

12

(1)

Plastic Wastes

13

(15)

The Economic and Environmental Impact of Plastic Wastes

15

(1)

Management of Plastic Wastes

16

(3)

Mechanical Recycling

19

(1)

Feedstock Recycling

20

(2)

Sorting and Separation of Mixed Plastics

22

(5)

Future Trends in Plastic Waste Management

27

(1)

References

28

(3)

Chemical Depolymerization

31

(28)

Introduction

31

(1)

Polyesters

32

(13)

Glycolysis

33

(4)

Methanolysis

37

(1)

Hydrolysis

38

(3)

Ammonolysis and Aminolysis

41

(1)

Combined Chemolysis Methods

42

(2)

Comparison of the Various PET Chemolysis Methods

44

(1)

Polyurethanes

45

(7)

Glycolysis

46

(1)

Hydrolysis

47

(2)

Ammonolysis and Aminolysis

49

(1)

Combined Chemolysis Methods

50

(2)

Polyamides, Polycarbonates and Polyacetals

52

(3)

Summary

55

(1)

References

56

(3)

Gasification and Partial Oxidation

59

(14)

Introduction

59

(1)

Gasification of Carbonaceous Materials and Uses of the Syngas

59

(3)

Gasification of Plastic and Rubber Wastes

62

(5)

Gasification of Mixed Solid Wastes

67

(2)

Other Plastic and Rubber Partial Oxidation Processes

69

(2)

Summary

71

(1)

References

71

(2)

Thermal Processes

73

(56)

Introduction

73

(1)

Mechanism of the Thermal Degradation of Addition Polymers

74

(3)

Thermal Conversion of Individual Plastics

77

(23)

Polyethylene

78

(7)

Polypropylene

85

(1)

Polystyrene

86

(5)

Polyvinyl Chloride

91

(7)

Other Plastics

98

(2)

Thermal Conversion of Plastic Mixtures

100

(15)

Interactions Between Components During Thermal Degradation

101

(4)

Processes for the Thermal Degradation of Plastic Wastes

105

(10)

Thermal Coprocessing of Plastic Wastes with Coal and Lignocellulosic Materials

115

(2)

Thermal Conversion of Rubber Wastes and Used Tyres

117

(5)

Summary

122

(2)

References

124

(5)

Catalytic Cracking and Reforming

129

(32)

Introduction

129

(1)

Types and Properties of Polymer Cracking Catalysts

130

(3)

Catalytic Conversion of Individual Plastics

133

(17)

Polyethylene

133

(12)

Polypropylene

145

(3)

Polystyrene

148

(2)

Catalytic Conversion of Plastic Mixtures and Rubber Wastes

150

(7)

Conversion of Plastics by a Combination of Thermal and Catalytic Treatments

151

(6)

Summary

157

(1)

References

158

(3)

Hydrogenation

161

(18)

Introduction

161

(1)

Hydrocracking of Plastics

161

(7)

Hydrocracking of Rubber and Used Tyres

168

(3)

Coliquefaction of Coal and Plastics

171

(2)

Coliquefaction of Coal with Rubber and Used Tyres

173

(3)

Summary

176

(1)

References

177

(2)

Concluding Remarks

179

(6)

Subject Index

185

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Feedstock Recycling of Plastic Wastes

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials