Female Well-Being Towards a Global Theory of

This global survey starts from the assumption that the significant transformations in women's lives deserve to be fully documented and interpreted. Janet Mancini Billson and Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban tackle the complexities of social change by using data from countries in every world region to illustrate the most critical challenges that women faced during the last century - challenges that are also likely to shape the 21st century.

Janet Mancini Billson is the Director, Group Dimensions International, and Visiting Professor at The George Washington University. Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban is Professor of Anthropology and Women's Studies, Rhode Island College.

Acknowledgements

ix

Preface

xiii

one Introduction

1

(64)

The twentieth century as a transformative time for women

3

(20)

Janet Mancini Billson

Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban

The fate of female well-being

3

(1)

The uneven patterns of social change

4

(1)

Assessment of female well-being as of 2000

5

(3)

A comparative case study approach

8

(2)

Comparative analysis of the case study countries

10

(11)

A road map for this book

21

(2)

The complexities of defining female well-being

23

(22)

Janet Mancini Billson

The complexities of well-being

23

(9)

International efforts to improve female well-being

32

(2)

Eliminating discrimination against women: CEDAW

34

(5)

Globalization versus local networks

39

(2)

The `gender differential'

41

(4)

A critique of social change theories

45

(20)

Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban

Janet Mancini Billson

The weakness of existing theories of social change

45

(2)

Modernization theory

47

(5)

Contributions of `second wave' feminist scholars

52

(2)

Globalization and feminist theories

54

(11)

two Case studies

65

(290)

Women in Bangladesh: a journey in stages

67

(27)

Nasrin Sultana

Alema Karim

Status of women in the constitution of Bangladesh

67

(1)

A demographic portrait of Bangladeshi women

67

(4)

Family status and structure

71

(5)

Women's economic participation

76

(4)

Literacy and education

80

(5)

Political, educational and cultural leadership

85

(4)

Towards gender equality

89

(5)

Women in Canada: a century of struggle

94

(39)

Tess Hooks

Patrice Leclerc

Roderic Beaujot

A demographic portrait of Canadian women

94

(4)

Family status and structure

98

(4)

Violence against women

102

(6)

Economic participation

108

(4)

Literacy and education

112

(5)

Political, educational and cultural leadership

117

(9)

Towards the future

126

(7)

Women in Colombia: `you forge your path as you walk'

133

(26)

Elena Garces De Eder

Adriana Marulanda Herran

The historical context

133

(1)

The political context

134

(1)

The social context

135

(1)

A demographic portrait of Colombian women

135

(5)

Family status and structure

140

(2)

Violence against women

142

(2)

Literacy and education

144

(1)

Economic participation

145

(3)

Political, educational and cultural leadership

148

(5)

Towards gender equality

153

(6)

Women in Croatia: continuity and change

159

(22)

Vesna Barilar

Zeljka Jelavic

Sandra Prlenda

The geo-political complexities of Croatia

160

(1)

A demographic portrait of Croatian women

161

(4)

Family status and structure

165

(2)

Women's economic participation

167

(2)

Literacy and education

169

(3)

Political, educational and cultural leadership

172

(7)

Towards gender equality

179

(2)

Women in Iceland: strongwomen--myths and contradictions

181

(26)

Thorgerdur Einarsdottir

From settlement to independence

181

(1)

The historical legacy of Icelandic women

182

(1)

A demographic portrait of Icelandic women

183

(2)

Family status and structure

185

(3)

Economic participation

188

(5)

Literacy and education

193

(3)

Political, educational and cultural leadership

196

(4)

Towards gender equality

200

(7)

Women in Japan: change and resistance to change

207

(29)

Masako Aiuchi

Makoto Ichimori

Masako Inoue

Keiko Kondo

Fusako Seki

The twentieth-century framework in Japan

207

(1)

A demographic portrait of Japanese women

208

(3)

Family status and structure

211

(5)

Violence against women

216

(3)

Economic participation

219

(4)

Literacy and education

223

(3)

Political, educational and cultural leadership

226

(4)

Towards gender equality and freedom

230

(6)

Women in South Africa: crossing the great divides of race and gender

236

(26)

A. M. (Ria) Van Niekerk

Jopie Van Rooyen

A demographic portrait of South African women

236

(4)

Family status and structure

240

(3)

Violence against women

243

(1)

Economic participation

244

(6)

Literacy and education

250

(1)

Political, educational and cultural leadership

251

(7)

Towards gender equality

258

(4)

Women in Sudan: resistance and survival

262

(23)

Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban

The geopolitical complexities of Sudan

262

(1)

From antiquity to the twenty-first century

263

(2)

A demographic portrait of Sudanese women

265

(3)

Family status and structure

268

(3)

Violence against women

271

(2)

Economic participation

273

(2)

Literacy and education

275

(1)

Political, educational and cultural leadership

276

(6)

Towards gender equality

282

(3)

Women in Thailand: changing the paradigm of female well-being

285

(24)

Farung Mee-Udon

Ranee Itarat

The gendered sociocultural context of Thailand

285

(3)

A demographic portrait of Thai women

288

(3)

Family status and structure

291

(1)

Violence against women

292

(1)

Economic participation

293

(4)

Literacy and education

297

(3)

Political, educational and cultural leadership

300

(4)

Towards gender equality

304

(5)

Women in the United Kingdom: the impacts of immigration, 1900--2000

309

(15)

Erica Halvorsen

Heather Eggins

The first year of the century

310

(1)

Restrictions on immigration

311

(1)

Admitting Commonwealth citizens to the UK

311

(2)

The last year of the century

313

(1)

Economic participation

313

(5)

Literacy and education

318

(3)

Towards gender equality

321

(3)

Women in the United States of America: the struggle for economic citizenship

324

(31)

Laura Khoury

The past century

324

(4)

A demographic portrait of American women

328

(7)

Family status and structure

335

(1)

Violence against women

336

(1)

Economic participation

337

(5)

Literacy and education

342

(4)

Political, educational and cultural leadership

346

(4)

Towards gender equality

350

(5)

three New theory for a new century

355

(60)

Common challenges: factors that enhance or detract from female well-being

357

(17)

Janet Mancini Billson

Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban

The impact of international movements

357

(1)

Demographic factors

358

(2)

Family status and structure factors

360

(3)

Violence against women factors

363

(2)

Economic factors

365

(1)

Education and literacy factors

366

(2)

Political factors

368

(3)

Towards gender equality

371

(3)

Towards a gendered theory of social change

374

(18)

Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban

Janet Mancini Billson

Principles of change emerging from the case studies

374

(14)

Towards an integrated theory of change

388

(4)

Towards global female well-being

392

(23)

Janet Mancini Billson

Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban

Redefining female well-being

393

(4)

The challenge of globalization for female well-being

397

(1)

Human rights, women's rights and female well-being

398

(2)

Rethinking democracy for women in the twenty-first century

400

(2)

Diversity and the future of the women's movement

402

(5)

Towards global female well-being

407

(8)

Editors and contributors

415

(5)

Index

420

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Female Well-Being Towards a Global Theory of Social Change

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials