A Field Guide to Eastern Forests North America

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ISBN: 9780395928950 | 0395928958
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 10/15/1998

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This field guide includes all the flora and fauna you're most likely to see in the forests of eastern North America. With 53 full-color plates and 80 color photos illustrating trees, birds, mammals, wildflowers, mushrooms, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, moths, beetles, and other insects.

Editor's Note

(2)

Preface

vii

(3)

Acknowledgments

1. HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

(7)

The Search for Patterns

(1)

Fields and Forests

(1)

Area Covered

(1)

General Organization

(2)

The Seasonal Approach

(1)

Getting Started

(2)

2. FOREST FIELD MARKS

(50)

Seeking Patterns

(1)

Stratification

(2)

Types of Trees

(2)

Indicator Species

(12)

Species Richness

(1)

Soil Characteristics

(2)

Soil Moisture and Habitat

(2)

Evidence of Fire

(1)

Plant Population Patterns

(2)

A Forest's Age

(1)

Forest Gaps

(1)

Predicting a Forest's Future

(1)

Ecotones

(1)

Old Fields

(2)

Animals of the Forest

(3)

The Forest Food Chain and Ecological Pyramid

(3)

Plant and Animal Identification

(6)

Getting Started: A Forest Field-mark Questionnaire

(2)

Plate 1. Trees--Non-indicator Species

(2)

Plate 2. Mammals--Non-indicator Species

(2)

Plate 3. Forest Birds--Non-indicator Species

(2)

3. EASTERN FOREST COMMUNITIES

(96)

COMMUNITIES OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

(3)

What Determines a Community?

(3)

EASTERN FOREST COMMUNITIES

(11)

Boreal Forest

(5)

Boreal Bog

(3)

Jack Pine Forest

(2)

EASTERN DECIDUOUS FOREST COMMUNITIES

(31)

Northern Hardwood Forest

(3)

New England Alpine Community

(2)

Beech-Maple Forest

(3)

Maple-Basswood Forest

(1)

Oak-Hickory Forest

(4)

Northern Riverine (Floodplain) Forest

(3)

Northern Swamp Forest

(2)

Northern Pine-Oak Forest

(2)

Southern Mixed Pine-Oak Forest

(3)

White-cedar Swamp Forest

(2)

Mixed Appalachian Forest Communities

(1)

Appalachian Cove Forest

(4)

Appalachian Health Balds

102

(1)

SOUTHERN FOREST COMMUNITIES

103

(19)

Southern Hardwood Forest

103

(3)

Southern Riverine Forest

106

(1)

Baldcypress Swamp Forest

107

(2)

Southern Mixed Hardwood Swamp Forest

109

(2)

Subtropical Forest

111

(2)

Mangrove Swamp Forest

113

(2)

The Everglades

115

(1)

Texas Savanna

116

(2)

Prairie

118

(2)

Northern Savanna

120

(2)

Plate 4. Boreal Forest

122

(2)

Plate 5. Boreal Bog

124

(2)

Plate 6. Northern Hardwood Forest

126

(2)

Plate 7. Beech-Maple and Maple-Basswood Forests

128

(2)

Plate 8. Oak-Hickory Forest

130

(2)

Plate 9. Northern Riverine Forest

132

(2)

Plate 10. Northern Swamp Forest

134

(2)

Plate 11. Northern Pine-Oak Forest

136

(2)

Plate 12. Southern Mixed Pine-Oak Forest

138

(2)

Plate 13. Appalachian Cove Forest

140

(2)

Plate 14. Southern Hardwood Forest

142

(2)

Plate 15. Southern Riverine Forest

144

(2)

Plate 16. Baldcypress Swamp Forest

146

(2)

Plate 17. Southern Swamp Forest

148

(2)

Plate 18. Subtropical Forest

150

(2)

Plate 19. Mangrove Swamp Forest

152

(2)

4. DISTURBANCE AND PIONEER PLANTS

154

(96)

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION: THE PROCESS OF VEGETATION DEVELOPMENT OVER TIME

159

(51)

Old Field Succession

160

(2)

Early Old Fields

162

(4)

Old Field Succession--A Detailed Look

166

(6)

Perennial Herbs of Old Fields

172

(2)

Composites

174

(5)

Other Native Perennial Herbs

179

(1)

Alien Perennial Herbs

180

(3)

Legumes

183

(4)

Herbaceous and Woody Vines

187

(2)

Shrubs

189

(10)

Riverine Zonation

199

(1)

Vegetation Development Without a Soil Base

200

(1)

Sand Dune Zonation

200

(6)

Rocky Outcrops

206

(4)

LANDSCAPE PATCHES, FOREST FRAGMENTATION

210

(10)

Forest Islands

210

(1)

Other Patch Types

211

(1)

Corridors and Peninsulas

212

(1)

The Ecology of Patches and Corridors and the Effect of Forest Fragmentation

213

(1)

Birds of Old Fields, Edges, and the Forest Interior

214

(6)

Plate 20. Herbs of Old Fields--Adaptations

220

(2)

Plate 21. Herbs of Old Fields--Biennials

222

(2)

Plate 22. Herbs of Old Fields--Native Perennials

224

(2)

Plate 23. Selected Goldenrods and Asters

226

(2)

Plate 24. Birds of Old Fields

228

(2)

Plate 25. Herbs of Old Fields--Native Annuals and One Alien Annual

230

(2)

Plate 26. Herbs of Old Fields--Alien Annuals

232

(2)

Plate 27. Herbs of Old Fields--Native Composites

234

(2)

Plate 28. Herbs of Old Fields--Alien Composites

236

(2)

Plate 29. Herbs of Old Fields--Alien Perennials

238

(2)

Plate 30. Herbs of Old Fields--Legumes

240

(2)

Plate 31. Vines of Old Fields

242

(2)

Plate 32. Shrubs and a Fern of Old Fields

244

(2)

Plate 33. Waxmyrtles and Heaths

246

(2)

Plate 34. Trees of Old Fields

248

(2)

5. ADAPTATION

250

(19)

Bird Migration

253

(4)

Insect-eating Plants

257

(1)

Plant Defenses

258

(4)

Other Adaptations

262

(3)

How Adaptation Occurs--Natural Selection

265

(4)

6. PATTERNS OF SPRING

269

(51)

FLOWER STRUCTURE AND POLLINATION

270

(11)

Flower Structure

270

(2)

Wind Pollination

272

(1)

Insect Pollination

273

(8)

AMPHIBIANS IN SPRING

281

(13)

Frogs and Toads (Anurans)

282

(6)

Salamanders

288

(6)

BIRDS IN SPRING

294

(14)

Migrant Waves and Weather

294

(1)

Blackbird Flocks

295

(2)

Bird Vocalization

297

(1)

Territoriality

298

(2)

Sexual Dimorphism

300

(3)

Delayed Plumage Maturation in Songbirds

303

(2)

Courtship Feeding

305

(1)

Woodcock Courtship Behavior

306

(1)

Predator Mobbing and Harassment

307

(1)

MAMMALS -- DISPERSAL AND ROAD KILLS

308

(2)

Plate 35. Wind-pollinated Trees

310

(2)

Plate 36. Insect-pollinated Trees

312

(2)

Plate 37. Selected Frogs and Toads

314

(2)

Plate 38. Selected Salamanders

316

(2)

Plate 39. Sexual Dimorphism in Bird Plumage

318

(2)

7. NATURE IN SUMMER

320

(94)

TREES: GEOMETRY, LEAF SIZE, AND LEAF ANGLE

321

(3)

HABITAT AND GROWTH FORM IN PLANTS

324

(8)

Forests and Woodlands

325

(1)

Open Dry Fields

325

(2)

Wet Habitats and Meadows

327

(5)

PATTERNS OF FRUITING AND SEED DISPERSAL

332

(9)

Mid- to Late-summer Fruiting Species

334

(2)

Fall High-quality Fruiting Species

335

(1)

Fall Low-quality Fruiting Species

335

(1)

Foliar Fruit Flags

336

(1)

Fruit-consuming Birds and Mammals

337

(1)

Adaptations of Fruit for Seed Dispersal

338

(3)

MILKWEED ECOLOGY

341

(5)

Milkweed Butterflies

343

(2)

Mimicry and the Monarch

345

(1)

PATTERNS OF INSECT OR SPIDER CAMOUFLAGE AND MIMICRY

346

(8)

Leaf and Twig Mimics

347

(1)

Bark Mimics

348

(2)

Flower Mimics

350

(1)

Bee and Wasp Mimics

350

(2)

Bee Killers

352

(1)

Clear-winged Moths

352

(1)

Ant Mimics

353

(1)

DISTRACTION PATTERNS OF BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS

354

(6)

A Complex Butterfly Mimicry System

356

(2)

Caterpillar Defenses

358

(2)

LEAF ROLLERS, FOLDERS, TIERS, AND MINERS

360

(21)

Leaf Rollers and Folders

360

(2)

Leaf Tiers

362

(1)

Leaf Miners

363

(1)

Gall-makers

364

(4)

Dragonfly Mating Patterns

368

(5)

Defense Adaptations of Snakes and Other Reptiles

373

(1)

Terrestrial Turtles

373

(1)

Lizards

374

(1)

Camouflage Patterning and Defensive Behaviors in Snakes

374

(5)

Warning Coloration and Mimicry in Snakes

379

(2)

PATTERNS OF BIRD NESTING

381

(11)

Nest Locations

382

(2)

Nest-building, Eggs, Incubation, and Defense

384

(8)

Plate 40. Wildflowers--Habitat and Growth Form

392

(2)

Plate 41. Goldenrods--Habitat and Growth Form

394

(2)

Plate 42. Milkweed Natural History

396

(2)

Plate 43. Insect and Spider Camouflage (Crypsis) and Mimicry

398

(2)

Plate 44. Insect Predation and Defense Behavior

400

(2)

Plate 45. Mimicry Patterns in Snakes and Butterflies

402

(2)

Plate 46. Adaptations of Reptiles

404

(2)

Plate 47. Bird Nesting Behavior

406

(2)

Plate 48. Mid- to Late-Summer Fruits

408

(2)

Plate 49. High-quality Fruits of Late-Summer and Fall

410

(2)

Plate 50. High/Low-quality Fruits of Late Summer and Fall

412

(2)

8. AUTUMN AND WINTER

414

(45)

SOIL NATURAL HISTORY

415

(2)

The Litter Layer

415

(2)

THE DECOMPOSERS

417

(19)

Fungi

418

(4)

Litter and Soil Animals

422

(13)

The Litter-Soil Food Web

435

(1)

PLANTS IN FALL

436

(6)

Leaf Color Changes

436

(3)

Anatomy of a Twig

439

(1)

Tree Trunks and Growth Rings

439

(2)

Mast Years

441

(1)

BIRDS: MIXED FORAGING FLOCKS

442

(8)

Irruptions of Bird Species

445

(4)

Winter Adaptations of Birds

449

(1)

MAMMALS: VOLE CYCLES

450

(2)

Plate 51. Mixed Foraging Flocks

452

(2)

Plate 52. Irruptive Bird Species--Periodic Winter Invaders

454

(2)

Plate 53. Selected Fungi

456

(3)

Index

459

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A Field Guide to Eastern Forests North America

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Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials