Fire Effects on Ecosystems

, by Debano, Leonard F.; Neary, Daniel G.; Ffolliott, Peter F.

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ISBN: 9780471163565 | 0471163562
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/9/1998

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Summary

Author Biography

Supplemental Materials

A comprehensive exploration of the effects of fires--in forests and other environments--on soils, watersheds, vegetation, air and cultural resources.

PREFACE

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

(16)

SELECTED FIRE REGIMES

(9)

United States

(4)

Ponderosa Pine Forests of the Southwest

(1)

Douglas-Fir Forests of the Pacific Northwest

(1)

Lodgepole Pine Forests in the Rocky Mountains

(1)

Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Forests in the Southeast

(1)

Chaparral Shrubs in Southern California

(1)

Tallgrass Prairies of the Great Plains

(1)

Worldwide

(4)

Bog Birch Shrubs in the Canadian Rocky Mountains

(1)

Pine Forests in the Sierra Madre of Mexico

(1)

The Low Woodlands of Western Australia

(1)

Matorral in the Coastal Lowlands of Southwestern Spain

(1)

Fynbos Vegetation in South Africa

(1)

West African Savannas

(1)

DEFINITIONS

(3)

REFERENCES

(4)

Part I FIRE DYNAMICS

(54)

Chapter 2 COMBUSTION PROCESSES AND HEAT TRANSFER

(30)

INTRODUCTION

(1)

COMBUSTION

(11)

Components of Fire Ignition

(2)

Combustion Process

(6)

Preignition

(1)

Flaming

(1)

Smoldering

(2)

Glowing

(1)

Extinction

(1)

Combustion Efficiency

(3)

HEAT TRANSFER

(14)

Processes

(4)

Radiation

(1)

Convection

(1)

Conduction

(1)

Mass Transport

(1)

Vaporization and Condensation

(1)

Heat Transfer Pathways

(8)

Heat Transfer Downward to Duff or Mineral Soil

(2)

Heating in Duff and Organic Soils

(1)

Heat Transfer Through Mineral Soil

(5)

Modeling Research

(2)

First-Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM)

(1)

Heat Transfer in Soil

(1)

Barriers and Opportunities

(1)

SUMMARY

(1)

REFERENCES

(4)

Chapter 3 FUELS AND FIRE BEHAVIOR

(22)

INTRODUCTION

(1)

FUELS

(5)

Description

(2)

Properties

(1)

Components

(1)

Complexes

(1)

Classification

(1)

Management

(1)

FIRE BEHAVIOR

(7)

Types of Fire Behavior

(1)

Fire Intensity

(2)

Rate of Spread

(1)

Fire Behavior Patterns

(2)

Forest Ecosystems

(1)

Shrubland Ecosystems

(1)

Grassland Ecosystems

(1)

FIRE SEVERITY

(5)

Relationship of Fire Severity to Fire Intensity

(1)

Classification

(2)

A Conceptual Model

(2)

PRESCRIBED NATURAL FIRE

(1)

National Park Service Fire Policies

(1)

Risks

(1)

SUMMARY

(2)

REFERENCES

(2)

Part II SOIL RESPONSES

(86)

Chapter 4 SOIL RESOURCE

(11)

INTRODUCTION

(2)

NATURE OF THE SOIL RESOURCE

(1)

SOIL PROFILE

(2)

SOIL PROPERTIES

(2)

CHANGES IN SOIL PROPERTIES DURING HEATING

(1)

ASSESSING FIRE EFFECTS

(2)

SUMMARY

(1)

REFERENCES

(2)

Chapter 5 PHYSICAL SOIL SYSTEM

(19)

INTRODUCTION

(1)

SOIL TEMPERATURES

(7)

Forest Ecosystems

(2)

Shrubland Ecosystems

(1)

Grassland Ecosystems

(2)

SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

(8)

Soil Structure

(1)

Porosity

(1)

Water Retention

(1)

Water Repellency

(4)

Water Repellency and Fire

(2)

Water Repellency and Aggregate Stability

(1)

Effect on Infiltration and Runoff

(2)

SUMMARY

(1)

REFERENCES

(4)

Chapter 6 CHEMICAL SOIL SYSTEM

103

(25)

INTRODUCTION

103

(1)

ORGANIC MATTER

103

(5)

Ecological Significance

105

(1)

Nutrient -- Holding Capacity

106

(1)

Responses to Fire

107

(1)

NUTRIENT CYCLING AND LOSSES

108

(10)

Importance of Nutrient Cycling

108

(1)

Nutrient Loss Mechanisms

108

(1)

Nitrogen Cycling and Losses

109

(5)

Nitrogen Response to Burning

109

(2)

Nitrogen Loss by Volatilization

111

(1)

Nitrogen Losses and Ecosystem Productivity

112

(2)

Nitrogen Replacement

114

(1)

Phosphorus and Sulfur Cycling and Losses

114

(1)

Estimating Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses

115

(3)

NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY

118

(2)

Nitrogen

118

(2)

Phosphorus

120

(1)

CATIONS

120

(1)

OTHER CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

121

(1)

ASH BED EFFECT

121

(2)

SUMMARY

123

(1)

REFERENCES

123

(5)

Chapter 7 BIOLOGICAL SOIL SYSTEM

128

(29)

INTRODUCTION

128

(1)

ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS

128

(3)

BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO FIRE

131

(1)

Direct Effects

131

(1)

Indirect Effects

132

(1)

NUTRIENT CYCLING PROCESSES

132

(8)

Decomposition of Organic Matter

132

(1)

Nitrogen Cycling

133

(4)

Mineralization

133

(2)

Denitrification

135

(1)

Nitrogen Fixation

135

(2)

Coarse Woody Debris

137

(3)

Nutrient Storage

138

(2)

Role of Fire

140

(1)

BACTERIA AND FUNGI

140

(1)

CRYPTOGAMIC CRUSTS

141

(2)

Composition and Functions

141

(1)

Fire Effects

142

(1)

MYCORRHIZAE AND PLANT ROOTS

143

(3)

Mycorrhizae

143

(2)

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

144

(1)

Endomycorrhizal Fungi

145

(1)

Plant Roots

145

(1)

INVERTEBRATES

146

(2)

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES

148

(1)

SMALL MAMMALS

148

(2)

Mortality

149

(1)

Habitat Modification

149

(1)

SUMMARY

150

(1)

REFERENCES

151

(6)

Part III RESPONSES OF OTHER RESOURCES

157

(128)

Chapter 8 WATER

159

(37)

INTRODUCTION

159

(1)

WATERSHED CONDITION

159

(1)

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

160

(12)

Interception

162

(1)

Hydrologic Significance

162

(1)

Effect of Fire

163

(1)

Evapotranspiration

163

(2)

Hydrologic Significance

164

(1)

Effect of Fire

164

(1)

Infiltration

165

(3)

Hydrologic Significance

165

(2)

Effect of Fire

167

(1)

Soil Water Storage

168

(2)

Hydrologic Significance

168

(1)

Effect of Fire

169

(1)

Snow Accumulation and Melt Patterns

170

(1)

Hydrologic Significance

170

(1)

Effect of Fire

171

(1)

Runoff

171

(1)

Hydrologic Significance

172

(1)

Effect of Fire

172

(1)

STREAMFLOW REGIME

172

(7)

Streamflow Discharge

173

(5)

Effect of Wildfire

174

(2)

Effect of Prescribed Burning

176

(2)

Peak Flow

178

(1)

Timing of Flow

178

(1)

Baseflow

179

(1)

SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION

179

(4)

Soil Erosion

179

(3)

Surface Erosion

180

(1)

Soil Mass Movement

181

(1)

Sedimentation

182

(1)

WATER QUALITY

183

(5)

Physical Characteristics

183

(1)

Dissolved Chemical Constituents

184

(3)

Bicarbonate Response

185

(1)

Nitrogen Response

185

(1)

Phosphorus Response

185

(1)

Cation Response

186

(1)

Sediment Losses of Nutrients

187

(1)

Biological Quality

188

(1)

CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF FIRE ON WATER RESOURCES

188

(2)

Cumulative Effects of Fire

188

(1)

Triggering Mechanisms

189

(1)

SUMMARY

190

(1)

REFERENCES

190

(6)

Chapter 9 VEGETATION

196

(33)

INTRODUCTION

196

(1)

PLANTS

196

(6)

Heat Tolerance

197

(1)

Fire Resistance

197

(3)

Status of Food Reserve

197

(1)

Fire Adaptive Traits of Woody Plants

197

(1)

Fire Adaptive Traits of Herbaceous Plants

198

(1)

Natural Fire Regimes

199

(1)

Fire Frequency

200

(2)

Fire-Free Intervals

200

(2)

Effects of Management Practices

202

(1)

SUCCESSION

202

(7)

Community Replacement

203

(1)

Individual Plant Species

204

(4)

Fire Frequency

208

(1)

VEGETATIVE RESOURCES

209

(11)

Timber

209

(5)

Mortality

209

(2)

Postfire Growth

211

(1)

Regeneration

212

(2)

Forage

214

(3)

Production

214

(1)

Species Composition

215

(1)

Quality

216

(1)

Wildlife Habitats

217

(3)

Food

217

(1)

Cover

218

(1)

Structural Diversity

218

(1)

Composite Impacts

219

(1)

SUMMARY

220

(1)

REFERENCES

221

(8)

Chapter 10 WETLANDS AND RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS

229

(17)

INTRODUCTION

229

(1)

WETLANDS

229

(6)

Ecological Significance

230

(1)

Responses to Fire

231

(3)

Organic Soils

234

(1)

RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS

235

(4)

Ecological Significance

236

(1)

Riparian-Watershed Linkages

236

(2)

Responses to Fire

238

(1)

COARSE WOODY DEBRIS

239

(2)

BUFFER STRIPS

241

(1)

INSTREAM FLOW

242

(1)

SUMMARY

242

(1)

REFERENCES

243

(3)

Chapter 11 AIR

246

(20)

INTRODUCTION

246

(1)

SMOKE

246

(7)

Primary Chemical Products

247

(5)

Carbon Dioxide

248

(1)

Water Vapor

248

(1)

Carbon Monoxide

249

(1)

Particulate Matter

249

(1)

Hydrocarbons

249

(1)

Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides

250

(1)

Free Radicals

251

(1)

Inorganic Fractions

251

(1)

Secondary Emissions

252

(1)

Ozone

252

(1)

Pesticides

253

(1)

SMOKE MANAGEMENT

253

(7)

Visibility

255

(1)

Visibility Risk Indices

255

(1)

Smoke Management Strategies

256

(3)

Emission Reduction

256

(1)

Avoidance and Dilution

257

(1)

Alternative Management Techniques

258

(1)

Education

259

(1)

Smoke Management Guidelines

259

(1)

REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

260

(1)

GLOBAL CLIMATE IMPACTS

261

(1)

SUMMARY

262

(1)

REFERENCES

263

(3)

Chapter 12 CULTURAL RESOURCES

266

(19)

INTRODUCTION

266

(1)

ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

266

(1)

REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATION

267

(1)

CATEGORIES OF CULTURAL RESOURCES

268

(1)

ARTIFACT DAMAGE BY FIRE

269

(8)

Ceramics

270

(1)

Grinding Stones

271

(1)

Lithic Artifacts and Glass

271

(1)

Architectural Materials

272

(1)

Rock Art Panels

272

(1)

Wood and Other Organics

273

(1)

Heat Effects on Dating Techniques

274

(1)

Archaeological Implications

275

(2)

Direct Effects

276

(1)

Indirect Effects

277

(1)

SCENIC BEAUTY

277

(2)

CULTURAL RESOURCES PROTECTION

279

(3)

Prefire Inventory and Planning of Fire Suppression

279

(1)

Minimizing the Impacts of Wildfire

280

(1)

Planning Prescribed Burns

281

(1)

Other Considerations

281

(1)

SUMMARY

282

(1)

REFERENCES

282

(3)

Part IV MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

285

(34)

Chapter 13 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

287

(17)

INTRODUCTION

287

(1)

ASSESSMENT OF POSTFIRE CHANGES

287

(6)

Damages and Benefits

289

(1)

Time-Trend Response Functions

290

(3)

ECONOMIC EVALUATION AND FIRE MANAGEMENT DECISIONS

293

(8)

Present Net Worth Criterion

293

(1)

Fire Management Inputs and Fire Outcomes

294

(1)

Value Weights

295

(1)

A Valuation Procedure

296

(1)

Valuation Analysis

297

(3)

Use of Valuation Data

300

(1)

SUMMARY

301

(1)

REFERENCES

302

(2)

Chapter 14 FIRE IN ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

304

(15)

INTRODUCTION

304

(1)

BENEFITS OF FIRE

304

(4)

Reducing Fuel Loads

305

(1)

Disposing of Slash

305

(1)

Preparation of Seedbeds

305

(1)

Thinning Overstocked Stands

306

(1)

Increasing Forage Plant Production

306

(1)

Improving Wildlife Habitats

307

(1)

Changing Hydrologic Processes

307

(1)

Improving Aesthetic Environments

308

(1)

CONCERNS AND CONSTRAINTS

308

(2)

Environmental Factors

308

(1)

Cultural Impacts

309

(1)

Economic Considerations

309

(1)

Public Support

310

(1)

ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION

310

(2)

FIRE EFFECTS INFORMATION SYSTEM

312

(2)

SUMMARY

314

(1)

REFERENCES

314

(5)

INDEX

319

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Fire Effects on Ecosystems

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Fire Effects on Ecosystems

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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