The First Amendment

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ISBN: 9781587784187 | 1587784181
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/1/2002

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Written by a leading national scholar, Farber's coverage of the First Amendment is clear and accessible. All of the major areas of this complex doctrine are reviewed, including religion clauses. The text also serves as an introduction to the major debates over controversial issues such as pornography and hate speech.

PART I: FOUNDATIONAL ISSUES

Chapter 1. Free Expression and the Constitution

(20)

I. Why Protect Speech?

(6)

A. Self-Realization and the Search for Truth

(2)

B. Self-Government and Social Stability

(1)

C. The Limits of Theory

(2)

II. First Amendment History

(5)

A. Origins of the First Amendment

(2)

B. Free Speech and the Fourteenth Amendment

(1)

C. The Evolving Judicial Role

(2)

III. Overview of Current Doctrine

(3)

A. "Unprotected" Speech

(1)

B. Regulation of "Fully Protected" Speech

(1)

C. Critiques of Current Doctrine

(1)

IV. The Road Ahead

(5)

A. Roadmap to the Book

(1)

B. Pervasive Issues

(4)

Chapter 2. The Content Distinction

(18)

I. The Content Distinction in Operation

(6)

A. Origins

(2)

B. Content Regulation

(2)

C. Content Neutrality

(2)

II. Refining the Content Distinction

(6)

A. Defining Content Neutrality

(2)

B. Defining Viewpoint Discrimination

(2)

C. Application to "Unprotected" Speech

(1)

D. Other Exceptions

(1)

III. The Future of the Content Distinction

(6)

A. The Scholarly Debate

(2)

B. Domesticating the Content Distinction

(3)

Chapter 3. The First Amendment Toolkit

(18)

I. Has There Been An "Abridgment" of "Speech"?

(6)

A. Speech versus Conduct

(1)

B. The Right to Remain Silent

(1)

C. Inducements versus Coercion

(3)

II. What Kind of "Abridgment"?

(8)

A. The Rule Against Prior Restraints

(3)

B. Chilling Effects: The Overbreadth and Vagueness Doctrines

(4)

III. The Question of Deference

(4)

PART II: THE CATEGORICAL APPROACH

Chapter 4. Illegal Advocacy

(22)

I. The Rise of "Clear and Present Danger"

(6)

A. Historical Background

(2)

B. The Great Dissenters

(3)

C. Free Speech Takes Root

(1)

II. The McCarthy Era and Its Aftermath

(4)

A. The Dennis.Ruling

(2)

B. Post-Dennis Opinions

(1)

C. Assessing "Clear and Present Danger"

(1)

III. Brandenburg and Beyond

(5)

A. The Current Test

(2)

B. Is Brandenburgs Approach Justified?

(2)

IV. Other Restrictions on Subversive Speech

(3)

A. Prior Restraints

(1)

B. Investigations

(2)

C. Loyalty Oaths

(1)

IV. Brandenburg as Paradigm

(4)

Chapter 5. Defamation and Other Torts

(24)

I. The New York Times Case

(7)

A. Background

(3)

B. The Court's Opinion

(3)

C. Appraising the New York Times Rule

(1)

II. Applying the New York Times Rule

(6)

A. Who is a Public Figure?

(2)

B. What is Defamatory?

(2)

C. What is Malice?

(1)

III. Private Libels

(3)

A. The Gertz Rule

(1)

B. Does the Defendant's Identity or the Nature of the Topic Matter?

(2)

IV. Other Torts

(4)

A. "False Light"

(1)

B. Disclosing Private Facts

(2)

C. Infliction of Emotional Distress

(1)

V. Conclusion

(4)

Chapter 6. Offensive Language and Hate Speech

103

(24)

I. Regulation of Offensive Expression

103

(6)

A. Fighting Words and Hostile Audiences

103

(4)

B. Offensive Language, Captive Audiences, and Public Civility

107

(2)

II. R.A.V. and the Content Distinction

109

(3)

III. University Regulation of Hate Speech

112

(5)

A. Regulations Keyed to the Racist Content of Speech

112

(2)

B. Penalty Enhancement Based on Racist Motivation

114

(2)

C. Regulation Ancillary to Prohibitions on Discriminatory Conduct

116

(1)

IV. Critiques of Current First Amendment Doctrine

117

(10)

A. Uniqueness of Harm

119

(1)

B. Equality Versus Liberty

120

(7)

Chapter 7. Sexual Material

127

(24)

I. The Development of Obscenity Law

127

(6)

A. The Roth-Memoirs Test

128

(2)

B. Obscenity and the Two-Tier Theory

130

(2)

C. The Defendant's Conduct

132

(1)

II. Current Obscenity Law

133

(3)

A. Miller v. California

133

(3)

III. The "Zoning" Approach

136

(5)

A. "Second Class" Protected Speech?

137

(2)

B. Secondary Effects

139

(2)

IV. The "Civil Rights" Approach

141

(10)

A. Proposed Legislation

142

(1)

B. Pornography and Sexism

143

(2)

C. Pornography and Violence Against Women

145

(2)

D. Problems of Interpretation

147

(4)

Chapter 8. Commercial Speech

151

(20)

I. The Road to Protected Status

151

(5)

A. Creation and Erosion of Unprotected Status

151

(2)

B. Virginia Board

153

(1)

C. Should Commercial Speech be Protected?

154

(2)

II. The Current Status of Commercial Speech

156

(7)

A. The Boundaries of Commercial Speech

156

(1)

B. The Central Hudson Test

157

(3)

C. Should Commercial Speech be Fully Protected?

160

(3)

III. Specific Types of Advertising

163

(4)

A. Advertising by Lawyers

163

(2)

B. High-Risk Forms of Consumption

165

(2)

IV. The Future of the Categorical Approach

167

(4)

PART III: SPEECH IN SPECIAL SETTINGS

Chapter 9. Public Property

171

(22)

I. Development of Public Forum Doctrine

171

(7)

A. Access, Equality, and Discretion

171

(3)

B. Public Demonstrations and the Warren Court

174

(1)

C. The Modern Approach

175

(3)

II. Regulation in Traditional Forums

178

(7)

A. Content Regulation

178

(1)

B. Time, Place, and Manner Regulations

179

(3)

C. Licenses

182

(1)

D. Injunctions

183

(2)

III. Classifying Forums

185

(4)

A. Streets and Walkways

185

(2)

B. Metaphorical Forums

187

(1)

C. Assessing Perry

188

(1)

IV. The Future of Public Forum Doctrine

189

(4)

Chapter 10. Speech in the Public Sector

193

(20)

I. Custodial Institutions

193

(6)

A. Schools

193

(3)

B. Prisons

196

(2)

C. Military

198

(1)

II. Public Employees

199

(6)

A. Dissenters in the Workplace

199

(3)

B. Partisan Activities

202

(3)

III. Government Funding

205

(8)

A. Doctrinal Developments

205

(3)

B. The Subsidy Puzzle

208

(5)

Chapter 11. The Media

213

(20)

I. The Media and the Criminal Justice System

214

(7)

A. Protection of Sources

214

(2)

B. Fair Trial/Free Press

216

(2)

C. Access by the Media

218

(3)

II. Access to the Media

221

(4)

A. Broadcasting

222

(1)

B. Other Media

223

(2)

III. The Future of Media Law

225

(8)

A. Conflicting Models

226

(2)

B. Straws in the Wind

228

(5)

Chapter 12. Associations, Parties, and Political Campaigns

233

(20)

I. Freedom of Association

233

(6)

A. Regulating Group Membership

234

(3)

B. Collective Action

237

(2)

II. Political Parties

239

(4)

A. Internal Party Affairs

239

(2)

B. Ballot Access

241

(2)

III. Campaign Financing

243

(8)

A. The Buckley Decision

243

(2)

B. Post-Buckley Developments

245

(4)

C. Future Directions

249

(2)

IV. Concluding Thoughts on Quasi-Public Speech

251

(2)

PART IV: RELIGION

Chapter 13. Free Exercise

253

(22)

I. The Constitutional Status of Religion

253

(6)

A. Religious Freedom in American History

254

(2)

B. Free Exercise Values

256

(1)

C. Defining "Religion"

257

(2)

II. Exemptions for Religious Conduct

259

(8)

A. The Era of The Compelling Interest Test

259

(3)

B. Smith and Religious Exemptions

262

(2)

C. Smith and Original Intent

264

(1)

D. Smith and Constitutional Values

265

(2)

III. The Current Status of Free Exercise

267

(8)

A. Targeted Regulation of Religion

267

(2)

B. The Inviolability of Theological Claims

269

(1)

C. Exemptions from Neutral Laws After Smith

270

(5)

Chapter 14. The Establishment Clause

275

(24)

I. The Basics

275

(7)

A. The Origin of the Establishment Clause

276

(3)

B. Doctrinal Evolution

279

(2)

C. Separationists versus Accommodationists

281

(1)

II. Current Judicial Approaches

282

(4)

A. Secular Purpose and Effect

283

(1)

B. Endorsement

284

(1)

C. Coercion

285

(1)

III. Doctrinal Evolution: Moving Beyond Chaos?

286

(7)

A. Religion in Public School Programs

286

(4)

B. Aid to Parochial Schools

290

(2)

C. Religious Symbolism

292

(1)

IV. The Accommodation Problem

293

(4)

A. War Between the Clauses?

293

(1)

B. Possible Resolutions

294

(1)

C. Impermissible Accommodations

295

(2)

V. Concluding Thoughts on Current First Amendment Law

297

(2)

Acknowledgments

299

(2)

Table of Cases

301

(6)

Index

307

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The First Amendment

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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The First Amendment

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