First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History
, by Calloway, Colin G.
- ISBN: 9780312653620 | 031265362X
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 8/23/2011
First Peoples'distinctive approach continues to make it the bestselling and most highly acclaimed text for the American Indian history survey. Respected scholar Colin G. Calloway provides a solid foundation grounded in timely scholarship and a narrative that brings a largely untold history to students. The signature "docutext" format of First Peoplesstrikes the ideal balance, combining in every chapter a compelling narrative and rich written and visual documents from Native and non-Native voices alike. An expansion by two full chapters presents a more diverse and nuanced picture of the history of Native peoples in America.
Colin G. Calloway is John Kimball Jr. 1943 Professor of History and Professor of Native American Studies at Dartmouth College. He served for two years as associate director and editor at the D'Arcy McNickle Center for the History of the American Indian at the Newberry Library in Chicago and taught for seven years at the University of Wyoming. Professor Calloway has written many books on Native American history, including White People, Indians, and Highlanders: Tribal Peoples and Colonial Encounters in Scotland and America; The Shawnees and the War for America; The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America; One Vast Winter Count: The Native American West Before Lewis and Clark; and two books for the Bedford Series in History and Culture: Our Hearts Fell to the Ground: Plains Indians Views of How the West Was Lost, and The World Turned Upside Down: Indian Voices from Early America.
Preface
Maps, Tables, and Charts INTRODUCTION: AMERICAN INDIANS IN AMERICAN HISTORY
Perspectives on the Past
America’s Master Narrative
Indian History: A Shared Past
Working with Sources
A Note on Name Usage and Geographic Focus
References
CHAPTER 1: AMERICAN HISTORY BEFORE COLUMBUS
Determining What Came Before
Precontact Population
Creation Stories and Migration Theories
Debates over Native Origins
Glimpses of Precontact Societies
West Coast Affluence
Columbia Plateau Fishers
Great Basin Foragers
First Buffalo Hunters of the Plains
First Farmers of the Southwest
Farmers and Mound Builders of the Eastern Woodlands
Emerging Tribes and Confederacies
Seaborne Strangers
The Prophesied Arrival
DOCUMENTS
A Navajo Emergence Story
HASTIN TLO’TSI HEE, The Beginning
Corn and Game: Women and Men in Cherokee Society
Kana'ti and Selu
The Iroquois Great League of Peace
CHIEFS OF THE SIX NATIONS, The Laws of the Confederacy (1900)
PICTURE ESSAY: Early American Towns and Cities
The Ruins of Pueblo Bonito
Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde
Taos Pueblo
Cahokia Mounds, c. A.D. 1150–1200
JOHN WHITE, Indian Village of Secoton (1585)
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 2: THE INVASIONS OF AMERICA, 1492–1680
First Contacts and Mutual Appraisals
Native America through the European Lens
Enduring Images
Columbian Exchanges
Changing New World Landscapes
Biological Catastrophes
Indians Confront the Spanish
A Mission for Gold and God
Conquest of the Aztecs
Searching for Other Empires
North American Attempts to Colonize and Christianize
The Pueblo War of Independence
Indians Confront the French
Commerce and Conflict
Pelts and Priests
Indians Confront the English
Securing a Beachhead in Virginia
Making a New England
King Philip’s War
DOCUMENTS
A Narrative of the de Soto Invasion
RODRIGO RANGEL AND GONZALO FERNÁNDEZ DE OVIEDO, Account of the Northern Conquest and Discovery of Hernando de Soto (c. 1546)
An Indian Explanation of the Pueblo Revolt
Declaration of the Indian Juan (1681)
Jesuits and Hurons in New France
JEAN DE BRÉBEUF, The Mission to the Hurons (1635–37)
A Mi'kmaq Questions French “Civilization”
CHRESTIEN LECLERQ, A Mi'kmaq Responds to the French (1677)
Metacomet Explains the Causes of “King Philip’s War”
JOHN EASTON, A Relacion of the Indyan Warre (1675)
PICTURE ESSAY: Indian Depictions of the Invaders
A Tlaxcalan Depiction of Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán’s Conquest of Northwestern Mexico, c. 1530
Spaniards on Horseback
George Washington Covenant Wampum Belt, c. 1790
Haidi Carving of a Missionary, c. 1877
Haidi Argillite Figure Group, c. 1850
JONATHAN WARM DAY, The Last Supper (1991)
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 3: INDIANS IN COLONIAL WORLDS, 1680–1763
Economic and Cultural Exchanges
Indians in Colonial Societies
Colonists in Indian Societies
Fur Trades and Slave Trades
The Impact of the Fur Trade
The Cost of the Fur Trade
Indian Slavery
Diplomacy in Colonial America
The Language and Lessons of Diplomacy
Attempts at Diplomatic Balance
Wars for America
A World Transformed by War
The French and English War
Division within Tribal Communities
Captives Taken, Captives Returned
Responses to Change in the West: Indian Power on the Plains
Horses Transform the Plains
Jostling for Position on the Plains
At the Confluence of Guns and Horses
European Competitors on the Southern Plains
DOCUMENTS
The Treaty of Lancaster
CANASATEGO, Speeches at the Treaty of Lancaster (1744)
The Abenakis Defy the English
ATEAWANETO, Speech Resisting Colonial Expansion (1752)
A Captive with the Senecas
MARY JEMISON (DICKEWAMIS), A Narrative of Her Life (1824)
War and Diplomacy in the Southwest
DON TOMÁS VÉLEZ CACHUPÍN, Instructions of Don Tomás Vélez Cachupín (1754)
PICTURE ESSAY: Atlantic Travelers: Indians in Eighteenth-Century London
JOHN VERELST, Tee Yee Neen Ho Ga Row (Hendrick, “Emperor of the Six Nations”) (c. 1710)
ISAAC BASIRE, Seven Cherokees (1730)
WILLIAM VERELST, The Common Council of Georgia Receiving the Indian Chiefs (1734–35)
FRANCIS PARSONS, Cunne Shote (1762)
JONATHAN SPILSBURY, after Mason Chamberlin, The Reverend Mr. Samson Occom (1768)
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 4: REVOLUTIONS EAST AND WEST, 1763–1800
Worlds Turned Upside Down
Pontiac’s War: Indians Confront New Empires
Attempting to Draw a Line
Indians and the American Revolution
Indian Loyalties Divided
Treaties of Peace and Conquest
Indians Confront an Expanding Nation
The United States Develops an Indian — and a Land — Policy
Indians Build a United Defense
Upheavals in the West
Colliding Empires on the Southern Plains
California Missions
The Pacific Northwest Pelt Rush
Smallpox Used Them Up
DOCUMENTS
The Revolution Comes to the Cherokees
HENRY STUART, Report from Cherokee Country (1776)
Memories of War and Smallpox
SAUKAMAPPEE, “We knew nothing until it brought death among us” (1787–88)
An Indian Solution to the Conflict over Indian Lands
WESTERN INDIANS, Message to the Commissioners of the United States (1793)PICTURE ESSAY: Northwest Coast Indians on the Brink: The Drawings of John Webber
JOHN WEBBER, A View in Ship Cove, Nootka Sound (1778)
JOHN WEBBER, Interior of Habitation at Nootka Sound (1778)
JOHN WEBBER, A Woman of Nootka Sound (1778)
JOHN WEBBER, A Man of Nootka Sound (1778)
JOHN WEBBER, A Woman of Prince William’s Island (1778)
JOHN WEBBER, A Man of Oonalashka (1778)
ReferencesSuggested Readings CHAPTER 5: AMERICAN INDIANS AND THE NEW NATION, 1800–1840
Accommodating and Resisting Change
Adapting to New Ways
The Last Phases of United Indian Resistance
Lewis and Clark in Indian Country
Encounters on the Missouri
Over the Mountains and Back
Indian Removals
Roots of the Removal Policy
The Cherokee Resistance
Implementing Removal in the South
Removal in the North
Surviving behind the Frontier
DOCUMENTS
A Double Homicide at Two Medicine
MERIWETHER LEWIS, An Account of His Fight with the Blackfeet (1806)
Cherokee Women Oppose Land Sales and Removals
CHEROKEE WOMEN, Petition (May 2, 1817) and Petition (June 30, 1818)
Foundations of Federal Indian Law and a Native Response
JOHN MARSHALL, Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
JOHN ROSS, Reactions to Worcester v. Georgia: Letter to Richard Taylor, John Baldridge, Sleeping Rabbit, Sicketowee, and Wahachee (April 28, 1832)
Race, Class, and History in Nineteenth-Century New England
WILLIAM APESS, An Indian’s Looking Glass for the White Man (1833)
PICTURE ESSAY: Indian Life on the Upper Missouri: A Catlin/Bodmer Portfolio
KARL BODMER, The Interior of the Hut of a Mandan Chief
Diagram of the Interior of an Earth Lodge
GEORGE CATLIN, Mint, a Pretty Girl
KARL BODMER, Pehriska-Ruhpa, Moennitarri Warrior, in the Costume of the Dog Danse
GEORGE CATLIN, Pigeon’s Egg Head (The Light) Going to and Returning from Washington
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 6: DEFENDING THE WEST, 1840–1890
Invaders from the East: Incursions before the American Civil War
The Ravages of Disease
Ethnic Cleansing in Texas, c. 1836–48
American Empire Reaches the Pacific, 1846–56
Opening Clashes on the Plains, 1851–56
Wars and Treaties, 1861–74
Indian Experiences during the American Civil War
Final Treaties and Ongoing Conflicts, 1866–74
Land Seizure and Removal to Reservations
Battles for Sacred Lands and Homelands, 1875–78
The End of Apache Resistance
Different Strategies for Survival
Indian Scouts and Allies
Return of the Prophets
DOCUMENTS
Sixty Years of Kiowa History
The Dohasan Calendar (1832–92)
Protection and Exploitation in the State of California
An Act for the Government and Protection of Indians (April 22, 1850)
The Treaty of Fort Laramie and the Struggle for the Black Hills
IRON SHELL, Brulé Sioux, “We want you to take away the forts from the country.” (April 28, 1868)
ONE HORN, Miniconjou, “This is our land, and yet you blame us for fighting for it.” (May 27, 1868)
Treaty with the Sioux — Brulé, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santee — and Arapaho (1868)
Chief Joseph’s Plea for Freedom
CHIEF JOSEPH, An Indian’s View of Indian Affairs (1879)
PICTURE ESSAY: The Battle of the Little Bighorn in Myth and History
WILLIAM CAREY, The Death Struggle of General Custer (1876)
Custer’s Last Stand (1904)
They Died with Their Boots On (1941)
Little Big Man (1970)
Lakotas Fighting Custer’s Command
Custer’s Dead Cavalry
ReferencesSuggested Readings CHAPTER 7: “KILL THE INDIAN AND SAVE THE MAN,” 1870S–1920S
Americanizing the American Indian
Policies of Detribalization
Resistance Takes New Forms
The Dawes Allotment Act (1887)
Indian Territory Becomes Oklahoma
The Educational Assault on Indian Children
Removing Children from the Tribe
Life in the Schools
Surviving the Schools, Using the Education
The Two Worlds of Ohiyesa and Charles Eastman
Native Americans Enter the Twentieth Century
“I Still Live”: Indians in American Society
Cultural Expression and the American Way
A New Generation of Leaders
Soldiers and Citizens
Indian Affairs on the Eve of the Great Depression
DOCUMENTS
Dismantling Tribes and Their Homelands
MERRILL E. GATES, From the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners (1885)
An Indian View of the Indian Bureau
CARLOS MONTEZUMA, What Indians Must Do (1914)
Sioux School Experiences
LUTHER STANDING BEAR, What a School Could Have Been Established (1933)
ZITKALA-ŠA, The Melancholy of Those Black Days (1921)
PICTURE ESSAY: The Fort Marion Artists
HOWLING WOLF, Cheyenne Warrior Striking an Enemy
Courtship Scene
PAUL CARYL ZOTOM, On the Parapet of Ft. Marion Next Day after Arrival (c. 1875)
Distribution of Goods
CHIEF KILLER, Education of the Fort Marion Prisoners (1875–78)
WOHAW, Self-Portrait, c. 1876–77
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 8: FROM THE GREAT CRASH TO ALCATRAZ, 1929–1969
A New Era in Indian Affairs?
John Collier and the Indian New Deal
The Indian Reorganization Act
Opposing and Disputing the IRA
Indians and World War II
Termination
The Indian Claims Commission
Removing the Government’s Trust Responsibilities
Relocation and Urban Indians
Drowning Homelands
A Younger Generation Responds
Upheaval in America
The Rise of Indian Militancy
DOCUMENTS
Two Views of the Indian Reorganization Act
JOHN COLLIER, An “Indian Renaissance,” from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1935)
ROBERT BURNETTE AND JOHN KOSTER, A Blueprint for Elected Tyranny (1974)
Indians in the Cities
ANONYMOUS, Life in the City: Chicago (c. 1970)
IGNATIA BROKER, Brought to a Brotherhood (1983)
Documents of Indian Militancy
CLYDE WARRIOR, “We Are Not Free”: From Testimony before the President’s National Advisory Commission on Rural Poverty (1967)
INDIANS OF ALL TRIBES, Proclamation to the Great White Father and to All His People (1969)
PICTURE ESSAY: Indians and World War II
Banning the Swastika
Iroquois Declare War on the Axis Powers on the Steps of the U.S. Capitol
Indian Women in the Marine Corps Reserve
Navajo Code Talkers
Flag Raising at Iwo Jima
QUINCY TAHOMA, First Furlough (1943)
ReferencesSuggested Readings CHAPTER 9: SELF-DETERMINATION AND SOVEREIGNTY, 1970–2010
New Policies, New Militancy
The American Indian Movement
Siege at Wounded Knee
Legacies of Wounded Knee
From Paternalism to Partnership
Protecting Women’s Reproductive Rights
Regaining Rights: Child Welfare and Religious Freedom
Taking Back Education and Bringing Home Ancestors
Indian Education for Indian Students
Repatriation
The Struggle for Natural Resources
Coal, Uranium, and Oil
Fighting For and Against Water
Sovereignty Goes to Court
Victories for Tribal Rights
Chipping Away at Tribal Sovereignty
DOCUMENTS
A Woman’s View from Wounded Knee
MARY CROW DOG, I Would Have My Baby at Wounded Knee (1991)
The Supreme Court and Tribal Sovereignty
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe (1978)
Tribal Colleges: Indian Education for Indian People
THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION, From Tribal Colleges: Shaping the Future of Native America (1989)
Indian Leadership at the End of the Twentieth Century
VINE DELORIA, JR., The Popularity of Being Indian: A New Trend in Contemporary American Society (1984)
WILMA MANKILLER, Returning the Balance (1993)
PICTURE ESSAY: Indian Artists Depict Modern Indian Life
MARCUS AMERMAN, The Gathering (1997)
T. C. CANNON, Collector #5, or Man in Wicker Chair (c. 1975)
HARRY FONSECA, Coyote Woman in the City (1979)
DAVID BRADLEY, American Gothic, Ghost Dancers (2009)
KAY WALKINGSTICK, You’re not an Indian, you weren’t born on the reservation (1993)
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 10: NATIONS WITHIN A NATION: INDIAN COUNTRY TODAY
A Twenty-First-Century Renaissance
The Census: An Evolving Profile of Indian America
Who Is an Indian?
“Recognized” and “Nonrecognized” Tribes
Old Stereotypes and New Images
A New Era in Washington?
Changes at the BIA
A New Museum
A New Embassy and a New “White Father”
Self-Rule and Self-Help
Nations, Not Minorities
Triple Citizens
Homelands or Wastelands
Nuclear Waste in Indian Country
The Earth Hurts
Building Prosperity in Indian Country
Economic Success through Sovereignty
Gaming: A Devil’s Bargain?
Building Well Nations
Confronting Drugs and Alcohol
Balancing Ways of Healing
Preserving Language and Culture
DOCUMENTS
Playing Indian and Fighting Mascots
TIM GIAGO, Mascots, Spirituality, and Insensitivity (1991)
S. L. PRICE, The Indian Wars (2002)
Justice in Indian Country
CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERT YAZZIE, Life Comes from It: Navajo Justice (1994)
N. BRUCE DUTHU, Broken Justice in Indian Country (2008)
U.S.–Indian Relations on a World Stage
GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (September 13, 2007)
PICTURE ESSAY: Tribal Sovereignty in Action
Pawnee Nation Flag
Tribal Police
Navajo Supreme Court
Cheyenne Arapaho License Plate
Iroquois Passport
Language Preservation – Phraselator
References
Suggested Readings Appendix I. General Reference Works
Appendix II. Film Resources
Index
Maps, Tables, and Charts INTRODUCTION: AMERICAN INDIANS IN AMERICAN HISTORY
Perspectives on the Past
America’s Master Narrative
Indian History: A Shared Past
Working with Sources
A Note on Name Usage and Geographic Focus
References
CHAPTER 1: AMERICAN HISTORY BEFORE COLUMBUS
Determining What Came Before
Precontact Population
Creation Stories and Migration Theories
Debates over Native Origins
Glimpses of Precontact Societies
West Coast Affluence
Columbia Plateau Fishers
Great Basin Foragers
First Buffalo Hunters of the Plains
First Farmers of the Southwest
Farmers and Mound Builders of the Eastern Woodlands
Emerging Tribes and Confederacies
Seaborne Strangers
The Prophesied Arrival
DOCUMENTS
A Navajo Emergence Story
HASTIN TLO’TSI HEE, The Beginning
Corn and Game: Women and Men in Cherokee Society
Kana'ti and Selu
The Iroquois Great League of Peace
CHIEFS OF THE SIX NATIONS, The Laws of the Confederacy (1900)
PICTURE ESSAY: Early American Towns and Cities
The Ruins of Pueblo Bonito
Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde
Taos Pueblo
Cahokia Mounds, c. A.D. 1150–1200
JOHN WHITE, Indian Village of Secoton (1585)
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 2: THE INVASIONS OF AMERICA, 1492–1680
First Contacts and Mutual Appraisals
Native America through the European Lens
Enduring Images
Columbian Exchanges
Changing New World Landscapes
Biological Catastrophes
Indians Confront the Spanish
A Mission for Gold and God
Conquest of the Aztecs
Searching for Other Empires
North American Attempts to Colonize and Christianize
The Pueblo War of Independence
Indians Confront the French
Commerce and Conflict
Pelts and Priests
Indians Confront the English
Securing a Beachhead in Virginia
Making a New England
King Philip’s War
DOCUMENTS
A Narrative of the de Soto Invasion
RODRIGO RANGEL AND GONZALO FERNÁNDEZ DE OVIEDO, Account of the Northern Conquest and Discovery of Hernando de Soto (c. 1546)
An Indian Explanation of the Pueblo Revolt
Declaration of the Indian Juan (1681)
Jesuits and Hurons in New France
JEAN DE BRÉBEUF, The Mission to the Hurons (1635–37)
A Mi'kmaq Questions French “Civilization”
CHRESTIEN LECLERQ, A Mi'kmaq Responds to the French (1677)
Metacomet Explains the Causes of “King Philip’s War”
JOHN EASTON, A Relacion of the Indyan Warre (1675)
PICTURE ESSAY: Indian Depictions of the Invaders
A Tlaxcalan Depiction of Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán’s Conquest of Northwestern Mexico, c. 1530
Spaniards on Horseback
George Washington Covenant Wampum Belt, c. 1790
Haidi Carving of a Missionary, c. 1877
Haidi Argillite Figure Group, c. 1850
JONATHAN WARM DAY, The Last Supper (1991)
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 3: INDIANS IN COLONIAL WORLDS, 1680–1763
Economic and Cultural Exchanges
Indians in Colonial Societies
Colonists in Indian Societies
Fur Trades and Slave Trades
The Impact of the Fur Trade
The Cost of the Fur Trade
Indian Slavery
Diplomacy in Colonial America
The Language and Lessons of Diplomacy
Attempts at Diplomatic Balance
Wars for America
A World Transformed by War
The French and English War
Division within Tribal Communities
Captives Taken, Captives Returned
Responses to Change in the West: Indian Power on the Plains
Horses Transform the Plains
Jostling for Position on the Plains
At the Confluence of Guns and Horses
European Competitors on the Southern Plains
DOCUMENTS
The Treaty of Lancaster
CANASATEGO, Speeches at the Treaty of Lancaster (1744)
The Abenakis Defy the English
ATEAWANETO, Speech Resisting Colonial Expansion (1752)
A Captive with the Senecas
MARY JEMISON (DICKEWAMIS), A Narrative of Her Life (1824)
War and Diplomacy in the Southwest
DON TOMÁS VÉLEZ CACHUPÍN, Instructions of Don Tomás Vélez Cachupín (1754)
PICTURE ESSAY: Atlantic Travelers: Indians in Eighteenth-Century London
JOHN VERELST, Tee Yee Neen Ho Ga Row (Hendrick, “Emperor of the Six Nations”) (c. 1710)
ISAAC BASIRE, Seven Cherokees (1730)
WILLIAM VERELST, The Common Council of Georgia Receiving the Indian Chiefs (1734–35)
FRANCIS PARSONS, Cunne Shote (1762)
JONATHAN SPILSBURY, after Mason Chamberlin, The Reverend Mr. Samson Occom (1768)
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 4: REVOLUTIONS EAST AND WEST, 1763–1800
Worlds Turned Upside Down
Pontiac’s War: Indians Confront New Empires
Attempting to Draw a Line
Indians and the American Revolution
Indian Loyalties Divided
Treaties of Peace and Conquest
Indians Confront an Expanding Nation
The United States Develops an Indian — and a Land — Policy
Indians Build a United Defense
Upheavals in the West
Colliding Empires on the Southern Plains
California Missions
The Pacific Northwest Pelt Rush
Smallpox Used Them Up
DOCUMENTS
The Revolution Comes to the Cherokees
HENRY STUART, Report from Cherokee Country (1776)
Memories of War and Smallpox
SAUKAMAPPEE, “We knew nothing until it brought death among us” (1787–88)
An Indian Solution to the Conflict over Indian Lands
WESTERN INDIANS, Message to the Commissioners of the United States (1793)PICTURE ESSAY: Northwest Coast Indians on the Brink: The Drawings of John Webber
JOHN WEBBER, A View in Ship Cove, Nootka Sound (1778)
JOHN WEBBER, Interior of Habitation at Nootka Sound (1778)
JOHN WEBBER, A Woman of Nootka Sound (1778)
JOHN WEBBER, A Man of Nootka Sound (1778)
JOHN WEBBER, A Woman of Prince William’s Island (1778)
JOHN WEBBER, A Man of Oonalashka (1778)
ReferencesSuggested Readings CHAPTER 5: AMERICAN INDIANS AND THE NEW NATION, 1800–1840
Accommodating and Resisting Change
Adapting to New Ways
The Last Phases of United Indian Resistance
Lewis and Clark in Indian Country
Encounters on the Missouri
Over the Mountains and Back
Indian Removals
Roots of the Removal Policy
The Cherokee Resistance
Implementing Removal in the South
Removal in the North
Surviving behind the Frontier
DOCUMENTS
A Double Homicide at Two Medicine
MERIWETHER LEWIS, An Account of His Fight with the Blackfeet (1806)
Cherokee Women Oppose Land Sales and Removals
CHEROKEE WOMEN, Petition (May 2, 1817) and Petition (June 30, 1818)
Foundations of Federal Indian Law and a Native Response
JOHN MARSHALL, Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
JOHN ROSS, Reactions to Worcester v. Georgia: Letter to Richard Taylor, John Baldridge, Sleeping Rabbit, Sicketowee, and Wahachee (April 28, 1832)
Race, Class, and History in Nineteenth-Century New England
WILLIAM APESS, An Indian’s Looking Glass for the White Man (1833)
PICTURE ESSAY: Indian Life on the Upper Missouri: A Catlin/Bodmer Portfolio
KARL BODMER, The Interior of the Hut of a Mandan Chief
Diagram of the Interior of an Earth Lodge
GEORGE CATLIN, Mint, a Pretty Girl
KARL BODMER, Pehriska-Ruhpa, Moennitarri Warrior, in the Costume of the Dog Danse
GEORGE CATLIN, Pigeon’s Egg Head (The Light) Going to and Returning from Washington
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 6: DEFENDING THE WEST, 1840–1890
Invaders from the East: Incursions before the American Civil War
The Ravages of Disease
Ethnic Cleansing in Texas, c. 1836–48
American Empire Reaches the Pacific, 1846–56
Opening Clashes on the Plains, 1851–56
Wars and Treaties, 1861–74
Indian Experiences during the American Civil War
Final Treaties and Ongoing Conflicts, 1866–74
Land Seizure and Removal to Reservations
Battles for Sacred Lands and Homelands, 1875–78
The End of Apache Resistance
Different Strategies for Survival
Indian Scouts and Allies
Return of the Prophets
DOCUMENTS
Sixty Years of Kiowa History
The Dohasan Calendar (1832–92)
Protection and Exploitation in the State of California
An Act for the Government and Protection of Indians (April 22, 1850)
The Treaty of Fort Laramie and the Struggle for the Black Hills
IRON SHELL, Brulé Sioux, “We want you to take away the forts from the country.” (April 28, 1868)
ONE HORN, Miniconjou, “This is our land, and yet you blame us for fighting for it.” (May 27, 1868)
Treaty with the Sioux — Brulé, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arcs, and Santee — and Arapaho (1868)
Chief Joseph’s Plea for Freedom
CHIEF JOSEPH, An Indian’s View of Indian Affairs (1879)
PICTURE ESSAY: The Battle of the Little Bighorn in Myth and History
WILLIAM CAREY, The Death Struggle of General Custer (1876)
Custer’s Last Stand (1904)
They Died with Their Boots On (1941)
Little Big Man (1970)
Lakotas Fighting Custer’s Command
Custer’s Dead Cavalry
ReferencesSuggested Readings CHAPTER 7: “KILL THE INDIAN AND SAVE THE MAN,” 1870S–1920S
Americanizing the American Indian
Policies of Detribalization
Resistance Takes New Forms
The Dawes Allotment Act (1887)
Indian Territory Becomes Oklahoma
The Educational Assault on Indian Children
Removing Children from the Tribe
Life in the Schools
Surviving the Schools, Using the Education
The Two Worlds of Ohiyesa and Charles Eastman
Native Americans Enter the Twentieth Century
“I Still Live”: Indians in American Society
Cultural Expression and the American Way
A New Generation of Leaders
Soldiers and Citizens
Indian Affairs on the Eve of the Great Depression
DOCUMENTS
Dismantling Tribes and Their Homelands
MERRILL E. GATES, From the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners (1885)
An Indian View of the Indian Bureau
CARLOS MONTEZUMA, What Indians Must Do (1914)
Sioux School Experiences
LUTHER STANDING BEAR, What a School Could Have Been Established (1933)
ZITKALA-ŠA, The Melancholy of Those Black Days (1921)
PICTURE ESSAY: The Fort Marion Artists
HOWLING WOLF, Cheyenne Warrior Striking an Enemy
Courtship Scene
PAUL CARYL ZOTOM, On the Parapet of Ft. Marion Next Day after Arrival (c. 1875)
Distribution of Goods
CHIEF KILLER, Education of the Fort Marion Prisoners (1875–78)
WOHAW, Self-Portrait, c. 1876–77
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 8: FROM THE GREAT CRASH TO ALCATRAZ, 1929–1969
A New Era in Indian Affairs?
John Collier and the Indian New Deal
The Indian Reorganization Act
Opposing and Disputing the IRA
Indians and World War II
Termination
The Indian Claims Commission
Removing the Government’s Trust Responsibilities
Relocation and Urban Indians
Drowning Homelands
A Younger Generation Responds
Upheaval in America
The Rise of Indian Militancy
DOCUMENTS
Two Views of the Indian Reorganization Act
JOHN COLLIER, An “Indian Renaissance,” from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1935)
ROBERT BURNETTE AND JOHN KOSTER, A Blueprint for Elected Tyranny (1974)
Indians in the Cities
ANONYMOUS, Life in the City: Chicago (c. 1970)
IGNATIA BROKER, Brought to a Brotherhood (1983)
Documents of Indian Militancy
CLYDE WARRIOR, “We Are Not Free”: From Testimony before the President’s National Advisory Commission on Rural Poverty (1967)
INDIANS OF ALL TRIBES, Proclamation to the Great White Father and to All His People (1969)
PICTURE ESSAY: Indians and World War II
Banning the Swastika
Iroquois Declare War on the Axis Powers on the Steps of the U.S. Capitol
Indian Women in the Marine Corps Reserve
Navajo Code Talkers
Flag Raising at Iwo Jima
QUINCY TAHOMA, First Furlough (1943)
ReferencesSuggested Readings CHAPTER 9: SELF-DETERMINATION AND SOVEREIGNTY, 1970–2010
New Policies, New Militancy
The American Indian Movement
Siege at Wounded Knee
Legacies of Wounded Knee
From Paternalism to Partnership
Protecting Women’s Reproductive Rights
Regaining Rights: Child Welfare and Religious Freedom
Taking Back Education and Bringing Home Ancestors
Indian Education for Indian Students
Repatriation
The Struggle for Natural Resources
Coal, Uranium, and Oil
Fighting For and Against Water
Sovereignty Goes to Court
Victories for Tribal Rights
Chipping Away at Tribal Sovereignty
DOCUMENTS
A Woman’s View from Wounded Knee
MARY CROW DOG, I Would Have My Baby at Wounded Knee (1991)
The Supreme Court and Tribal Sovereignty
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe (1978)
Tribal Colleges: Indian Education for Indian People
THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION, From Tribal Colleges: Shaping the Future of Native America (1989)
Indian Leadership at the End of the Twentieth Century
VINE DELORIA, JR., The Popularity of Being Indian: A New Trend in Contemporary American Society (1984)
WILMA MANKILLER, Returning the Balance (1993)
PICTURE ESSAY: Indian Artists Depict Modern Indian Life
MARCUS AMERMAN, The Gathering (1997)
T. C. CANNON, Collector #5, or Man in Wicker Chair (c. 1975)
HARRY FONSECA, Coyote Woman in the City (1979)
DAVID BRADLEY, American Gothic, Ghost Dancers (2009)
KAY WALKINGSTICK, You’re not an Indian, you weren’t born on the reservation (1993)
References
Suggested Readings CHAPTER 10: NATIONS WITHIN A NATION: INDIAN COUNTRY TODAY
A Twenty-First-Century Renaissance
The Census: An Evolving Profile of Indian America
Who Is an Indian?
“Recognized” and “Nonrecognized” Tribes
Old Stereotypes and New Images
A New Era in Washington?
Changes at the BIA
A New Museum
A New Embassy and a New “White Father”
Self-Rule and Self-Help
Nations, Not Minorities
Triple Citizens
Homelands or Wastelands
Nuclear Waste in Indian Country
The Earth Hurts
Building Prosperity in Indian Country
Economic Success through Sovereignty
Gaming: A Devil’s Bargain?
Building Well Nations
Confronting Drugs and Alcohol
Balancing Ways of Healing
Preserving Language and Culture
DOCUMENTS
Playing Indian and Fighting Mascots
TIM GIAGO, Mascots, Spirituality, and Insensitivity (1991)
S. L. PRICE, The Indian Wars (2002)
Justice in Indian Country
CHIEF JUSTICE ROBERT YAZZIE, Life Comes from It: Navajo Justice (1994)
N. BRUCE DUTHU, Broken Justice in Indian Country (2008)
U.S.–Indian Relations on a World Stage
GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (September 13, 2007)
PICTURE ESSAY: Tribal Sovereignty in Action
Pawnee Nation Flag
Tribal Police
Navajo Supreme Court
Cheyenne Arapaho License Plate
Iroquois Passport
Language Preservation – Phraselator
References
Suggested Readings Appendix I. General Reference Works
Appendix II. Film Resources
Index
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