Fish Physiology: Nitrogen Excretion

This book provides a comprehensive collection of timely reviews of our current understanding of the fundamental principles of nitrogen metabolism and excretion in fish. Emphasis is placed on critical assessment of how new studies impact these topics, and the articles reflect the diversity of current research approaches.

Contributors

ix

Preface

xi

Evolutionary Considerations of Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion

Patrick J. Walsh

Thomas P. Mommsen

Introduction: The Changing Roles of Ammonia and Urea

1

(4)

Evolution of Urea as an Osmolyte and Excretory Product in Fish

5

(17)

Uricotely and Other End Products

22

(2)

Summary and Epilogue

24

(7)

References

26

(5)

Protein Synthesis

C. G. Carter

D. F. Houlihan

Introduction

31

(1)

General Models of Protein Synthesis

32

(5)

Protein Synthesis and Amino Acid Flux

37

(20)

Factors That Modify Protein Synthesis

57

(10)

Energetic Cost of Protein Synthesis in Fish

67

(1)

Summary

67

(10)

References

69

(8)

Amino Acid Metabolism

J. S. Ballantyne

Introduction

77

(2)

Digestion and Uptake of Amino Acids

79

(1)

Delivery Systems

79

(4)

Tissues

83

(8)

Exercise

91

(1)

Hormonal Regulation

91

(2)

Diurnal Rhythms in Amino Acid Metabolism

93

(1)

Diet and Starvation

94

(1)

Temperature

95

(1)

Salinity

96

(1)

Anoxia

97

(1)

Summary

98

(11)

References

99

(10)

Ammonia Toxicity, Tolerance, and Excretion

Y. K. Ip

S. F. Chew

D. J. Randall

Introduction

109

(1)

Ammonia Toxicity to Fish

110

(13)

Strategies to Reduce, Tolerate, or Avoid Ammonia Toxicity

123

(16)

Summary

139

(10)

References

140

(9)

Ontogeny of Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion

P. A. Wright

J. H. Fyhn

Early Development of Fishes

149

(2)

Free Amino Acids

151

(13)

Nutritional Demands

164

(5)

Nitrogen End Products and Their Chemistry in Solution

169

(7)

Nitrogen Metabolism

176

(5)

Nitrogen Excretion

181

(4)

Summary

185

(16)

References

186

(15)

Influence of Feeding, Exercise, and Temperature on Nitrogen Metabolism and Excretion

Chris M. Wood

Introduction

201

(1)

Feeding and Nitrogen Metabolism

202

(5)

Metabolic Fuel Usage and Nitrogen Metabolism

207

(2)

Exercise and Nitrogen Metabolism

209

(7)

Temperature and Nitrogen Metabolism

216

(3)

Other Nitrogen Products?

219

(4)

Excretion Mechanisms

223

(2)

Elasmobranchs

225

(3)

Concluding Remarks

228

(11)

References

229

(10)

Urea and Glutamine Synthesis: Environmental Influences on Nitrogen Excretion

Paul M. Anderson

Introduction

239

(5)

Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthetase III and Nitrogen Excretion in Fish

244

(6)

Glutamine Synthetase and Ammonia Detoxification

250

(3)

Urea Cycle in Elasmobranchs

253

(3)

Urea Cycle in Teleosts: Adaptation to Unique Environmental Circumstances

256

(13)

Summary

269

(10)

References

270

(9)

Urea Transport

P. J. Walsh

C. P. Smith

Introduction

279

(2)

Urea Transport in Mammalian Systems

281

(8)

Physiology of Urea Transport in Fish

289

(12)

Prospects for Future Research and Evolutionary Perspectives

301

(8)

References

302

(7)

Nitrogen Compounds as Osmolytes

Paul H. Yancey

Introduction

309

(2)

Types and Contents of Osmolytes

311

(5)

Metabolism and Regulation of Osmolytes

316

(4)

Properties and Functions of Nitrogen Osmolytes

320

(11)

Mechanisms of Compatibility and Counteraction: Osmolytes and Water Structure

331

(2)

Evolutionary Considerations

333

(1)

Practical Applications, Exceptions, and Unanswered Questions

334

(9)

References

335

(8)

Index

343

(14)

Other Volumes in the Fish Physiology Series

357

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Fish Physiology: Nitrogen Excretion

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials