Fixed-Income Securities and Derivatives Handbook Analysis and Valuation
, by Choudhry, Moorad- ISBN: 9781576603345 | 1576603342
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 8/2/2010
Foreword | p. xv |
Preface | p. xvii |
Introduction to Bonds | |
The Bond Instrument | p. 3 |
The Time Value of Money | p. 4 |
Basic Features and Definitions | p. 5 |
Present Value and Discounting | p. 6 |
Discount Factors | p. 12 |
Bond Pricing and Yield: The Traditional Approach | p. 15 |
Bond Pricing | p. 16 |
Bond Yield | p. 20 |
Floating Rate Notes | p. 27 |
Accrued Interest | p. 30 |
Clean and Dirty Bond Prices | p. 30 |
Day-Count Conventions | p. 32 |
Bond Instruments and Interest Rate Risk | p. 35 |
Duration, Modified Duration, and Convexity | p. 35 |
Duration | p. 36 |
Properties of Macaulay Duration | p. 40 |
Modified Duration | p. 41 |
Convexity | p. 45 |
Bond Pricing and Spot and Forward Rates | p. 51 |
Zero-Coupon Bonds | p. 51 |
Coupon Bonds | p. 53 |
Bond Price in Continuous Time | p. 55 |
Fundamental Concepts | p. 55 |
Stochastic Rates | p. 58 |
Coupon Bonds | p. 60 |
Forward Rates | p. 61 |
Guaranteeing a Forward Rate | p. 61 |
The Spot and Forward Yield Curve | p. 63 |
Calculating Spot Rates | p. 64 |
Term Structure Hypotheses | p. 67 |
The Expectations Hypothesis | p. 67 |
Liquidiry Premium Hypothesis | p. 69 |
Segmented Markets Hypothesis | p. 69 |
Interest Rate Modeling | p. 71 |
Basic Concepts | p. 71 |
Shore-Rare Processes | p. 72 |
Ico's Lemma | p. 74 |
One-Factor Term-Structure Models | p. 75 |
Vasicek Model | p. 75 |
Hull-White Model | p. 76 |
Further One-Factor Term-Structure Models | p. 77 |
Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) Model | p. 78 |
Two-Factor Interest Rate Models | p. 79 |
Brennan-Schwartz Model | p. 80 |
Extended Cox-Ingersoll-Ross Model | p. 80 |
Heath-Jarrow-Morton (HJM) Model | p. 81 |
The Multifactor HJM Model | p. 82 |
Choosing a Term-Structure Model | p. 83 |
Fitting the Yield Curve | p. 87 |
Yield Curve Smoothing | p. 88 |
Smoothing Techniques | p. 90 |
Cubic Polynomials | p. 91 |
Non-Parametric Methods | p. 92 |
Spline-Based Methods | p. 92 |
Nelson and Siegel Curves | p. 95 |
Comparing Curves | p. 96 |
Fitting the Term Structure of Interest Rates: The Practical Implementation of Cubic Spline Methodology | p. 96 |
Cubic Spline Methodology | p. 97 |
The Hypothesis | p. 99 |
Practical Approach | p. 100 |
A Working Environment | p. 100 |
The First Requirement | p. 101 |
The Second Requirement | p. 101 |
The Third Requirement | p. 102 |
Meeting All Requirements Simultaneously | p. 102 |
A Unique Solution | p. 103 |
The Solution | p. 108 |
A Look at Forward Rates | p. 114 |
Conclusion | p. 117 |
Selected Cash and Derivative Instruments | |
Forwards and Futures Valuation | p. 121 |
Forwards and Futures | p. 121 |
Cash Flow Differences | p. 122 |
Relationship between Forward and Futures Prices | p. 124 |
Forward-Spot Parity | p. 125 |
The Basis and Implied Repo Rate | p. 127 |
Swaps | p. 131 |
Interest Rare Swaps | p. 132 |
Market Terminology | p. 134 |
Swap Spreads and the Swap Yield Curve | p. 135 |
Generic Swap Valuation | p. 138 |
Intuitive Swap Pricing | p. 138 |
Zero-Coupon Swap Valuation | p. 139 |
Calculating the Forward Rate from Spot-Rate Discount Factors | p. 139 |
The Key Principles of an Interest Rate Swap | p. 143 |
Valuation Using the Final Maturity Discount Factor | p. 143 |
Non-Plain Vanilla Interest Rate Swaps | p. 146 |
Swaptions | p. 148 |
Valuation | p. 149 |
Interest Rate Swap Applications | p. 150 |
Corporate and Investor Applications | p. 150 |
Hedging Bond Instruments Using Interest Rate Swaps | p. 153 |
Options | p. 157 |
Option Basics | p. 158 |
Terminology | p. 160 |
Option Instruments | p. 162 |
Option Pricing: Setting the Scene | p. 164 |
Limits on Option Prices | p. 165 |
Option Pricing | p. 166 |
The Black-Scholes Option Model | p. 168 |
Assumptions | p. 169 |
Pricing Derivative Instruments Using the Black-Scholes Model | p. 170 |
Put-Call Parity | p. 173 |
Pricing Options on Bonds Using the Black-Scholes Model | p. 174 |
Interest Rate Options and the Black Model | p. 174 |
Comments on the Black-Scholes Model | p. 180 |
Stochastic Volatility | p. 180 |
Implied Volatility | p. 180 |
Other Option Models | p. 181 |
Measuring Option Risk | p. 183 |
Option Price Behavior | p. 183 |
Assessing Time Value | p. 183 |
American Options | p. 184 |
The Greeks | p. 185 |
Delta | p. 185 |
Gamma | p. 187 |
Theta | p. 189 |
Vega | p. 189 |
Rho | p. 190 |
Lamda | p. 192 |
The Option Smile | p. 193 |
Caps and Floors | p. 194 |
Credit Derivatives | p. 197 |
Credit Risk | p. 198 |
Credit Risk and Credit Derivatives | p. 200 |
Applications of Credit Derivatives | p. 201 |
Credit Derivative Instruments | p. 202 |
Credit Default Swap | p. 202 |
Credit Options | p. 203 |
Credit-Linked Notes | p. 204 |
Total Return Swaps | p. 205 |
Investment Applications | p. 207 |
Capital Structure Arbitrage | p. 209 |
Exposure to Market Sectors | p. 210 |
Credit Spreads | p. 210 |
Funding Positions | p. 210 |
Credit Derivatives and Relative Value Trading | p. 212 |
Relative Value Trading Straregies | p. 212 |
Bond Valuation from CDS Prices: Bloomberg Screen VCDS | p. 217 |
Credit-Derivative Pricing | p. 218 |
Pricing Total Return Swaps | p. 218 |
Asset-Swap Pricing | p. 219 |
Credit-Spread Pricing Models | p. 219 |
The Market Approach to CDS Pricing | p. 220 |
Default Probabilities | p. 220 |
Pricing a CDS Contract | p. 226 |
Example Calculation | p. 228 |
The ITraxx and CD-X Credit Indices Contracts | p. 229 |
Index Tranche Market | p. 236 |
Impact of the 2007-2008 Credit Crunch: New CDS Contracts | p. 240 |
The Analysis of Bonds with Embedded Options | p. 245 |
Understanding Option Elements Embedded in a Bond | p. 245 |
Basic Options Features | p. 246 |
Option Valuation | p. 247 |
The Call Provision | p. 248 |
The Binomial Tree of Short-Term Interest Rates | p. 249 |
Arbitrage-Free Pricing | p. 250 |
Options Pricing | p. 252 |
Risk-Neutral Pricing | p. 254 |
Recombining and Nonrecombining Trees | p. 255 |
Pricing Callable Bonds | p. 256 |
Price and Yield Sensitivity | p. 261 |
Measuring Bond Yield Spreads | p. 263 |
Option-Adjusted Spread Analysis | p. 265 |
Introduction | p. 265 |
A Theoretical Framework | p. 266 |
The Methodology in Practice | p. 272 |
Convertible Bonds | p. 277 |
Basic Features | p. 277 |
Trading Patterns of Convertible Bonds | p. 279 |
Investor Analysis | p. 280 |
Zero-Coupon Convertibles | p. 284 |
Convertible Bond Default Risk | p. 285 |
Advantages of Issuing and Holding Convertibles | p. 285 |
Convertible Bond Valuation | p. 288 |
Fair Value of a Convertible Bond: The Binomial Model | p. 288 |
Model Parameters | p. 297 |
Pricing Spreadsheet | p. 299 |
Inflation-Indexed Bonds | p. 303 |
Basic Concepts | p. 303 |
Choice of Index | p. 303 |
Indexation Lag | p. 305 |
Coupon Frequency | p. 306 |
Type of Indexation | p. 306 |
Index-Linked Bond Cash Flows and Yields | p. 308 |
TIPS Cash Flow Calculations | p. 309 |
TIPS Price and Yield Calculations | p. 309 |
Assessing Yields on Index-Linked Bonds | p. 313 |
Which to Hold: Indexed or Conventional Bonds? | p. 314 |
Analysis of Real Interest Rates | p. 315 |
Indexation Lags and Inflation Expectations | p. 315 |
An Inflation Term Structure | p. 317 |
Inflation-Indexed Derivatives | p. 318 |
Securitization and Asset-Backed Securities | p. 327 |
The Concept of Securitization | p. 328 |
Reasons for Undertaking Securitization | p. 328 |
Benefits of Securitization to Investors | p. 330 |
The Process of Securitization | p. 331 |
Securitization Process | p. 331 |
Credit Enhancement | p. 335 |
Securirizing Mortgages | p. 336 |
Growth of the Market | p. 337 |
Mortgage Bond Risk | p. 338 |
Types of Mortgage-Backed Securities | p. 338 |
Cash Flow Patterns | p. 339 |
Prepayment Analysis | p. 340 |
Prepayment Models | p. 344 |
ABS Structures: A Primer on Performance Metrics and Test Measures | p. 345 |
Collateral Types | p. 345 |
Summary of Performance Metrics | p. 351 |
Securitization: Features of the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis | p. 351 |
Impact of the Credit Crunch | p. 351 |
Collateralized Debt Obligations | p. 357 |
CDO Structures | p. 359 |
Conventional CDO Structures | p. 359 |
Synthetic CDO Structures | p. 360 |
Motivation Behind CDO Issuance | p. 362 |
Balance Sheet-Driven Transactions | p. 362 |
Investor-Driven Arbitrage Transactions | p. 363 |
Analysis and Evaluation | p. 363 |
Portfolio Characteristics | p. 363 |
Cash Flow Analysis and Stress Testing | p. 364 |
Originator's Credit Quality | p. 365 |
Operational Aspects | p. 365 |
Legal Structure of the Transaction | p. 365 |
Expected Loss | p. 366 |
CDO Market Overview Since 2005 | p. 366 |
Risk and Capital Management | p. 368 |
Selected Market Trading Considerations | |
The Yield Curve, Bond Yield, and Spot Rates | p. 373 |
Practical Uses of Redemption Yield and Duration | p. 373 |
The Concept of Yield | p. 374 |
Yield Comparisons in the Market | p. 376 |
Measuring a Bond's True Return | p. 376 |
Illustrating Bond Yield Using a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet | p. 380 |
Implied Spot Rates and Market Zero-Coupon Yields | p. 388 |
Spot Yields and Coupon-Bond Prices | p. 389 |
Implied Spot Yields and Zero-Coupon Bond Yields | p. 393 |
Determining Strip Values | p. 394 |
Strips Market Anomalies | p. 395 |
Strips Trading Strategy | p. 396 |
Case Study: Treasury Strip Yields and Cash Flow Analysis | p. 399 |
Approaches to Trading | p. 401 |
Futures Trading | p. 402 |
Yield Curves and Relative Value | p. 406 |
Determinants of Government Bond Yields | p. 406 |
Characterizing the Complete Term Structure | p. 408 |
Identifying Relative Value in Government Bonds | p. 409 |
Hedging Bond Positions | p. 412 |
Simple Hedging Approaches | p. 412 |
Hedge Analysis | p. 413 |
Summary of the Derivation of the Optimum-Hedge Equation | p. 415 |
Credit Analysis and Relative Value Measurement | p. 417 |
Credit Ratings | p. 418 |
Purpose of Credit Ratings | p. 418 |
Formal Credit Ratings | p. 419 |
Credit Analysis | p. 420 |
The Issuer Indusrry | p. 421 |
Financial Analysis | p. 423 |
Industry-Specific Analysis | p. 426 |
Utility Companies | p. 426 |
Financial Sector Companies | p. 427 |
The Art of Credit Analysis | p. 428 |
Bond Spreads and Relative Value | p. 429 |
Bond Spreads | p. 429 |
Summary of Fund Managers' Approach to Value Creation | p. 438 |
The Black-Scholes Model in Microsoft Excel | p. 443 |
Iterative Formula Spreadsheet | p. 445 |
Pricing Spreadsheet | p. 447 |
References | p. 451 |
About the Author | p. 463 |
Index | p. 465 |
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