Flight Mechanics Modeling and Analysis

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ISBN: 9781420067538 | 1420067532
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/20/2008

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Flight mechanics has assumed greater importance in today's design, development, analysis, and evaluation of aerospace vehicles. Using a systems approach to illustrate key topics, this book reviews the basics of aerodynamics and flight mechanics theory, applying these concepts to the real-world testing, analysis,and evaluation of flight systems. Simulation examples rely on MATLAB and SIMULINK methods, and fuzzy logic and neural applications are presented for flight mechanics. The text addresses such areas as parameter estimation, flight control laws, and aircraft system identification using an interdisciplinary approach that combines elements of linear algebra and matrix computation.

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Authors	p. xix
Introduction	p. 1
ANNs in Control	p. 4
FL/S in Control	p. 5
Evaluation of Aircraft Control-Pilot Interactions	p. 6
Chapter Highlights	p. 7
References	p. 9
Mathematical Model Building	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
Mathematical Model Structures	p. 15
TF Models	p. 16
Continuous-Time Model	p. 17
Discrete-Time Model	p. 22
Delta Form TF	p. 23
State-Space Models	p. 26
State-Space Representations	p. 28
General Model	p. 33
Time-Series Models	p. 34
Models for Noise/Error Processes	p. 37
Continuous-Time/Discrete-Time White/Correlated Noise Processes	p. 37
ANN Modeling	p. 38
Feed Forward Neural Networks	p. 42
A Training Algorithm for FFNN	p. 42
Recurrent Neural Networks	p. 44
FL-Based Modeling	p. 45
Additive Fuzzy System	p. 46
Epilogue	p. 50
Exercises	p. 50
References	p. 51
Equations of Motion	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Rigid Body EOM	p. 54
Resolution of Inertial Forces and Moments	p. 60
Resolution of Aerodynamics, Gravity Forces, and Thrust Forces	p. 62
Complete Sets of EOM	p. 67
Rectangular Form	p. 68
Polar Form	p. 69
Missile Dynamic Equations	p. 71
Rotorcraft Dynamics	p. 72
Momentum Theory	p. 74
Blade-Element Theory	p. 76
Rotorcraft Modeling Formulations	p. 76
Limitations of Rigid Body Model	p. 78
Epilogue	p. 79
Exercises	p. 79
References	p. 80
Aerodynamic Derivatives and Modeling	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Basic Aerodynamic Forces and Moments	p. 84
Aerodynamic Parameters	p. 86
Definition of Aerodynamic Derivatives	p. 87
Longitudinal Derivatives	p. 90
Lateral-Directional Derivatives	p. 100
Compound Lateral-Directional Derivatives	p. 106
Missile Aerodynamic Derivatives	p. 107
Longitudinal Derivatives	p. 109
Lateral-Directional Derivatives	p. 109
Roll Derivatives	p. 109
Yaw Derivatives	p. 110
Rotorcraft Aerodynamic Derivatives	p. 111
Role of Derivatives in Aircraft Design Cycle and Flight Control Law Development	p. 113
Aircraft Aerodynamic Models	p. 116
Epilogue	p. 118
Exercises	p. 118
References	p. 119
Simplification of Equations of Motion and Transfer-Function Analysis	p. 121
Introduction	p. 121
Strategies for Simplification	p. 122
Choice of Coordinate Systems	p. 122
Linearization of Model Equations	p. 123
Simplification Using Measured Data	p. 124
Longitudinal Models and Modes	p. 125
Short Period Mode	p. 128
Phugoid	p. 133
Lateral-Directional Models and Modes	p. 136
DR Mode	p. 137
Spiral Mode	p. 139
Roll Mode	p. 140
Missile Aerodynamic Transfer Functions	p. 142
Rotorcraft Linear Modeling	p. 145
Rotor Plus Body Models	p. 146
Stability Derivative Models	p. 147
Rotor-Response Decomposition Models	p. 148
Evaluation/Validation of Linear Flight Dynamics Models	p. 149
UAV Dynamics	p. 150
MAV Dynamics	p. 151
Lighter-than-Air Vehicle/BLIMP Dynamics	p. 153
Epilogue	p. 154
Exercises	p. 155
References	p. 156
Simulation of Flight Dynamics	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Aircraft Subsystems Data/Models	p. 163
Aero Database	p. 164
Mass, Inertia, and Center of Gravity Characteristics	p. 164
Instrumentation System	p. 165
Inertial Navigation System	p. 165
Flight Management System	p. 165
Actuator Models	p. 166
Engine Model	p. 167
Landing Gear	p. 168
Control Loading and Sound Simulation	p. 168
Motion Cues	p. 169
Turbulence and Gust Models	p. 170
Sensor Modeling	p. 170
Flight Dynamics	p. 171
Steady-State Flight and Trim Conditions	p. 171
Rate of Climb and Turn Coordination Flights	p. 174
Computation of Linear Models for Control Law Design	p. 176
Six DOF Simulation and Validation	p. 178
Flight Simulation Model Validation for a Rotorcraft	p. 180
Flight Simulation Model Validation Using the Concept of Coefficient Matching	p. 181
Flight Simulation Model Validation Using Direct Update	p. 183
PC MATLAB/SIMULINK-Based Simulation	p. 184
Epilogue	p. 188
Exercises	p. 189
References	p. 190
Flight Test Maneuvers and Database Management	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Planning of Flight Test Maneuvers	p. 194
Flight Test Evaluation of a Transport Aircraft	p. 196
Takeoff and Landing Tasks	p. 196
Approach and Landing Task	p. 196
Takeoff Task	p. 197
Other Maneuvers	p. 198
Specific Flight Test Data Generation and Analysis Aspects	p. 198
Longitudinal Axis Data Generation	p. 199
LD Data Generation	p. 201
Quality of Flight Test Maneuvers	p. 201
Input Signals for Exciting Maneuvers	p. 202
Design Consideration for Input Signals	p. 202
Specific Input Types	p. 204
Specific Maneuvers for Aerodynamic Modeling	p. 204
Small Amplitude Maneuvers	p. 204
Longitudinal Short-Period Maneuver	p. 205
Phugoid Maneuver	p. 205
Thrust Input Maneuver	p. 205
Flaps Input Maneuver	p. 205
LD Maneuvers	p. 206
Aileron Input Roll Maneuver	p. 207
Rudder Input Maneuver	p. 208
DR Maneuver	p. 208
Steady Heading Sideslip Maneuver	p. 208
Large Amplitude Maneuvers	p. 208
Specific Dynamic Maneuvers for Determination of Drag Polars	p. 211
Roller Coaster (Pullup/Pushover) Maneuver	p. 213
SD Maneuver	p. 213
Acceleration and Deceleration Maneuver	p. 213
WUT Maneuver	p. 214
Specific Maneuvers for Rotorcraft	p. 217
Flight Test Database Management	p. 219
Basic Requirements	p. 220
Selection and Classification of Flight Data	p. 220
Classification Based on Type of Maneuvers	p. 220
Classification Based on Flight Conditions	p. 221
Classification Based on Aircraft Configuration	p. 221
Data Storage and Organization	p. 221
Flight Test Database in Oracle	p. 221
Brief Description of a Typical Program	p. 225
Transactions	p. 225
Graphs/Reports	p. 225
User Maintenance	p. 226
Epilogue	p. 226
Exercises	p. 226
References	p. 228
Reconfiguration and Fuzzy Control Analysis	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Requirements of Flight Control	p. 229
Stability/Control Augmentation Strategies	p. 233
Performance Requirements and Criteria	p. 236
Procedure for the Design and Evaluation of Control Laws	p. 236
Fuzzy Logic Control	p. 238
Fault Detection, Identification, and Isolation	p. 246
Models for Faults	p. 246
Aircraft Reconfigurable/Restructurable Control System	p. 247
Sensor Fault Detection Scheme	p. 250
Actuator Fault Detection Scheme	p. 253
Reconfiguration Concept	p. 254
Non-Model-Based Approach	p. 256
Epilogue	p. 258
Exercises	p. 259
References	p. 260
System Identification and Parameter Estimation	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
System Identification	p. 266
Time-Series/Regression Model Identification	p. 266
Comparison of Several Model Order Criteria	p. 268
Transfer Function Models from Real-Flight Data	p. 271
Expert Systems for System Identification	p. 272
Aircraft Parameter Estimation	p. 272
Maneuvers, Measurements, and Mathematical Models	p. 273
Parameter-Estimation Methods	p. 274
Equation Error Method	p. 274
Maximum Likelihood/OEM	p. 275
Filtering Methods	p. 279
Parameter-Estimation Approaches for Inherently Unstable/Augmented Aircraft	p. 282
Determination of Stability and Control Derivatives from Flight Data-Case Studies	p. 283
Fighter Aircraft FA1	p. 284
Fighter Aircraft FA2	p. 285
Basic and Modified Transport Aircraft	p. 285
Trainer Aircraft	p. 287
Light Canard Research Aircraft	p. 288
Helicopter	p. 288
AGARD Standard Model	p. 290
Dynamic Wind-Tunnel Experiments	p. 290
Iron Bird Results	p. 291
Approaches for Determination of Drag Polars from Flight Data	p. 292
Model-Based Approach for Determination of Drag Polar	p. 293
Non-Model-Based Approach for Drag Polar Determination	p. 293
Analysis of Large Amplitude Maneuver Data	p. 294
Global Nonlinear Analytical Modeling	p. 296
ANN-Based Parameter Estimation	p. 298
FFNN Scheme	p. 299
RNN for Parameter Estimation	p. 300
Fuzzy Logic-Based Methods for Estimation	p. 303
ANFIS for Parameter Estimation	p. 303
Fuzzy Kalman Filter for State Estimation	p. 305
Tracking of Maneuvering Target	p. 309
Derivative-Free Kalman Filter for State Estimation	p. 311
Epilogue	p. 317
Exercises	p. 317
References	p. 319
Handling Qualities Analysis	p. 323
Introduction	p. 323
Pilot Opinion Rating	p. 323
Human Operator Modeling	p. 324
Motion Plus Visual and Only Visual Cue Experiments	p. 325
Handling Qualities Criteria	p. 328
Longitudinal HQ Criteria	p. 329
Lower-Order Equivalent TF	p. 329
Control Anticipation Parameter	p. 329
Bandwidth Criterion	p. 331
Neal-Smith Criterion	p. 331
Closed Loop Criterion	p. 332
Pitch Rate Response	p. 332
C* Criterion	p. 332
Gibson's Criteria	p. 333
Lateral-Directional HQ Criteria	p. 334
Lower-Order Equivalent TF	p. 334
Roll Angle-Sideslip Mode Ratio	p. 334
LD Modes	p. 334
Roll Rate and Bank Angle Oscillations	p. 335
Roll Performance	p. 336
Sideslip Excursions	p. 337
Evaluation of HQ Criteria	p. 337
HQ for Large Transport Aircraft	p. 337
Rotorcraft Handling Qualities	p. 338
Handling Qualities Analysis Tool	p. 340
Hover and Low-Speed Requirements (HLSR)-Pitch Axis Response Criteria	p. 341
HLSR-Roll Axis Response Criteria	p. 341
HLSR-Yaw Axis Response Criteria	p. 343
HLSR-Heave Axis Response Criteria	p. 343
HQ Aspects for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles	p. 343
Pilot-Aircraft Interactions	p. 345
Longitudinal PIO Criteria	p. 345
Ralph-Smith Criterion	p. 346
Smith-Geddes Criterion	p. 346
Phase Rate Criterion	p. 346
Loop Separation Parameter	p. 347
Neal-Smith Time-Domain Criterion	p. 347
Bandwidth PIO Criterion	p. 347
Lateral PIO Criteria	p. 347
Ralph-Smith	p. 348
Phase Rate	p. 348
Model Order Reduction for Evaluations of HQ	p. 348
Epilogue	p. 349
Exercises	p. 349
References	p. 350
Aerodynamics and Related Concepts	p. 353
Statistics and Probability	p. 383
Signal and Systems Concepts	p. 391
Bibliography	p. 407
Index	p. 409
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Flight Mechanics Modeling and Analysis

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