- ISBN: 9780815515029 | 0815515022
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 12/31/2004
This is a self-contained collection of data and information on applications of fluoropolymers components for corrosion control in chemical processing industries. Due to their superior properties, fluoropolymers have been rapidly replacing metal alloys for preserving the purity of processing streams in the chemical processing, plastics, food, pharmaceutical, semiconductor, and pulp and paper industries.
Sina Ebnesajjad is a Senior Technical Consultant in the Fluoropolymers Division of DuPont Fluoroproducts in Wilmington, Delaware, where he has been involved in a variety of technical assignments since 1982. He earned his MS and Ph.D. degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and BS in chemical engineering from the Univisity of Tehran, Iran Pradip R. Khaladkar is a Senior Consultant in DuPont Engineering Technology in Wilmington, Delaware, where he has been involved in a variety of materials engineering assignments since 1978. He earned his MS degree in chemical engineering from West Virginia University, Morgantown, and BS in chemical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
| Introduction to Fluoropolymers | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| What are Fluoropolymers? | p. 1 |
| Fundamental Properties of Fluoropolymers | p. 2 |
| Developmental History of Fluoropolymers | p. 3 |
| Examples of Uses of Fluoropolymers | p. 5 |
| References | p. 6 |
| Materials of Construction | p. 7 |
| Introduction | p. 7 |
| Historical Background | p. 7 |
| Definition of Polymer-based Materials | p. 8 |
| Comparison Between Polymer-based Materials and Metals | p. 8 |
| Position of Fluoropolymers in the Materials Spectrum | p. 10 |
| Applications of Polymer-based Materials for Corrosion Control | p. 10 |
| Applications of Fluoropolymers for Corrosion Control | p. 10 |
| References | p. 14 |
| Properties of Neat (Unfilled) and Filled Fluoropolymers | p. 15 |
| Introduction | p. 15 |
| Influence of Processing on Fluoroplastics | p. 15 |
| Chemical Compatibility of Fluoropolymers | p. 15 |
| Chemical Compatibility of Perfluoropolymers | p. 15 |
| Effect of Ozone on Fluoropolymers | p. 16 |
| Oxygen Compatibility of PTFE | p. 17 |
| Chemical Compatibility of Partially Fluorinated Fluoropolymers | p. 17 |
| Chemical Compatibility of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene | p. 18 |
| Permeation Fundamentals | p. 18 |
| Permeation Measurement and Data | p. 20 |
| Environmental Stress Cracking | p. 21 |
| Properties and Characteristics of PTFE | p. 23 |
| Introduction to Filled PTFE Compounds | p. 23 |
| Granular-based Compounds | p. 23 |
| Fine Powder-based Compounds | p. 25 |
| Compounding with Engineering Polymers | p. 25 |
| Reinforced Gasketing Material | p. 26 |
| Co-Coagulated Compounds | p. 26 |
| Fabrication of Parts from Compounds | p. 26 |
| Typical Properties of Filled Fluoropolymers | p. 27 |
| Mechanical Properties of PTFE | p. 28 |
| Deformation Under Load (Creep) and Cold Flow | p. 35 |
| Fatigue Properties | p. 36 |
| Impact Strength | p. 36 |
| Hardness | p. 36 |
| Friction | p. 36 |
| PV Limit | p. 47 |
| Abrasion and Wear | p. 47 |
| Electrical Properties of PTFE | p. 47 |
| Thermal Behavior of PTFE | p. 47 |
| Thermal Stability | p. 47 |
| Thermal Expansion | p. 51 |
| Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity | p. 51 |
| Heat Deflection Temperature | p. 51 |
| Irradiation Resistance of PTFE | p. 51 |
| Standard Measurement Methods for PTFE | p. 52 |
| Properties and Characteristics of Melt-processible Fluoroplastics | p. 55 |
| Mechanical and Dynamic Properties | p. 55 |
| Tensile Properties | p. 55 |
| Moduli | p. 55 |
| Deformation Under Load (Creep) | p. 69 |
| Poisson's Ratio | p. 69 |
| Flex Fatigue Properties | p. 69 |
| Impact Strength | p. 70 |
| Hardness | p. 82 |
| Friction, Wear, and Abrasion | p. 82 |
| Thermal Properties of Melt-processible Fluoropolymers | p. 86 |
| Thermal Stability | p. 86 |
| Temperature-related Properties | p. 89 |
| Thermal Aging | p. 89 |
| Weatherability of Melt-processible Fluoroplastics | p. 94 |
| Electrical Properties of Melt-processible Fluoroplastics | p. 96 |
| Perfluoroalkoxy Polymers | p. 96 |
| FEP | p. 98 |
| PVDF | p. 98 |
| ETFE | p. 100 |
| ECTFE | p. 100 |
| Optical and Spectral Properties of Melt-processible Fluoroplastics | p. 100 |
| Radiation Effect on Melt-processible Fluoroplastics | p. 100 |
| Flammability of Melt-processible Fluoroplastics | p. 110 |
| Biofilm Formation of Melt-processible Fluorplastics | p. 110 |
| References | p. 112 |
| Selecting Fluoropolymers for Corrosion Control | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| Corrosion of Metals | p. 117 |
| Corrosion of Polymer Materials | p. 117 |
| Approaches to Selection | p. 117 |
| Economics of Selecting Fluoropolymers | p. 118 |
| Preparing to Determine Compatibility | p. 118 |
| Current Technology for Determining Compatibility | p. 118 |
| Experience | p. 118 |
| Manufacturers' Literature | p. 119 |
| Testing | p. 149 |
| Coupon Testing | p. 149 |
| Simulated Testing | p. 150 |
| Special Testing | p. 154 |
| Fabrication Considerations in Materials Selection | p. 154 |
| Inspection and Maintenance Aspects of Materials Selection | p. 157 |
| References | p. 157 |
| Manufacturing of Parts from Polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers | p. 161 |
| Granular Resin Processing | p. 161 |
| Resin Selection | p. 161 |
| Compression Molding | p. 162 |
| Equipment | p. 162 |
| Densification and Sintering Mechanism | p. 163 |
| Billet Molding | p. 164 |
| Automatic Molding | p. 167 |
| Isostatic Molding | p. 168 |
| Introduction to Isostatic Molding | p. 168 |
| Comparison of Isostatic with Other Fabrication Techniques | p. 169 |
| Wet- and Dry-Bag Isostatic Molding | p. 170 |
| Ram Extrusion | p. 170 |
| Introduction to Ram Extrusion | p. 170 |
| Ram Extrusion: Basic Technology | p. 170 |
| Fine Powder Resin Processing | p. 174 |
| Resin Handling and Storage | p. 174 |
| Paste Extrusion Fundamentals | p. 175 |
| Extrusion Aid or Lubricant | p. 176 |
| Wire Coating | p. 176 |
| Blending the Resin with Lubricant | p. 176 |
| Preforming | p. 176 |
| Extrusion Equipment and Process | p. 177 |
| Extrusion of Tubing | p. 178 |
| Spaghetti Tubing | p. 178 |
| Pressure Hoses | p. 178 |
| Blending Lubricant and Pigment and Preforming | p. 183 |
| Extrusion Process for Pressure Hoses | p. 183 |
| Quality Control of Pressure Hoses | p. 183 |
| Unsintered Tape | p. 185 |
| Fluoropolymer Dispersion Processing | p. 185 |
| Dispersion Applications | p. 186 |
| Storage and Handling of Dispersions | p. 186 |
| Dispersion Formulation and Characteristics | p. 187 |
| Formulation | p. 188 |
| Glass Cloth Coating by Dispersion | p. 188 |
| Equipment | p. 189 |
| Processing | p. 189 |
| Dispersion Impregnation of Flax and Polyaramide | p. 191 |
| Processing | p. 191 |
| Coating Metal and Hard Surfaces with Dispersion | p. 191 |
| References | p. 192 |
| Manufacturing Parts from Melt-processible Fluoropolymers | p. 193 |
| Introduction | p. 193 |
| Materials of Construction | p. 193 |
| Rheology of Fluoropolymer Melts | p. 193 |
| Characterization of Rheology of Fluoropolymers | p. 194 |
| Thermal Stability of Fluoropolymers | p. 198 |
| Melt Extrusion | p. 199 |
| The Extruder | p. 199 |
| Film Extrusion | p. 202 |
| Sheet Extrusion | p. 202 |
| Production | p. 202 |
| Pipe and Tube Extrusion | p. 202 |
| Production | p. 203 |
| Coextrusion | p. 203 |
| Drawdown Ratio (DDR) | p. 205 |
| Fluoropolymer Tube Extrusion | p. 206 |
| Sizing of Tubes | p. 206 |
| Small Diameter Tubes | p. 207 |
| Medium Diameter Tubes | p. 207 |
| Large Diameter Tubes | p. 208 |
| Heat Shrink Tubes | p. 208 |
| Fluoropolymer Film Extrusion | p. 209 |
| PVDF Films | p. 210 |
| ETFE and ECTFE Films | p. 214 |
| Perfluoropolymer Films | p. 217 |
| Injection Molding | p. 219 |
| Injection Molding of Fluoropolymers | p. 219 |
| Injection Molding Equipment | p. 219 |
| Process Conditions and Operations | p. 222 |
| Dimensional Stability of Parts | p. 225 |
| Rotational Molding | p. 226 |
| Basic Process Technology | p. 229 |
| Rotomolding and Rotolining Processing Conditions | p. 229 |
| ECTFE | p. 231 |
| ETFE | p. 232 |
| PFA | p. 232 |
| Conclusion | p. 233 |
| Other Part Manufacturing Techniques | p. 235 |
| Compression Molding of Fluoropolymers | p. 235 |
| Transfer Molding of Fluoropolymers | p. 237 |
| Mold Design | p. 237 |
| Operation of the Mold | p. 239 |
| Transfer Molding Process Variables | p. 239 |
| Examples of Transfer Molded Parts | p. 241 |
| Blow Molding Fluoropolymers | p. 244 |
| Vacuum Bagging | p. 248 |
| References | p. 250 |
| Fabrication Techniques for Fluoropolymers | p. 253 |
| Introduction | p. 253 |
| Machining | p. 253 |
| Sawing and Shearing | p. 254 |
| Drilling (Tapping and Threading) | p. 254 |
| Skiving | p. 254 |
| Adhesive Bonding Methods | p. 255 |
| Contact Adhesives | p. 255 |
| Bonding Adhesives | p. 255 |
| Sodium Etching | p. 256 |
| Plasma Treatment | p. 258 |
| Flame Treatment | p. 261 |
| Corona Discharge (Hybrid Plasma) Treatment | p. 262 |
| Welding and Joining | p. 265 |
| Welding Techniques | p. 266 |
| Welding PTFE | p. 267 |
| Welding FEP | p. 269 |
| Welding PFA | p. 269 |
| Welding PVDF | p. 271 |
| Welding ETFE | p. 273 |
| Heat Bonding | p. 273 |
| Sheet Liners | p. 274 |
| Thermoforming | p. 274 |
| Other Processes | p. 274 |
| References | p. 276 |
| Design and Construction of Linings and Vessels | p. 279 |
| Introduction | p. 279 |
| Lining of Vessels | p. 279 |
| Adhesively Bonded Linings for Vessels | p. 280 |
| Rotolining | p. 281 |
| Spray and Baked Coatings | p. 286 |
| Powder Coating Processes | p. 287 |
| Liquid Dispersion Coatings | p. 295 |
| Loose Lining | p. 295 |
| Dual Laminate | p. 296 |
| Lining of Pipes and Fittings | p. 299 |
| Lined Valves | p. 299 |
| Plug Valves | p. 301 |
| Ball Valves | p. 301 |
| Butterfly Valves | p. 301 |
| Diaphragm Valves | p. 301 |
| Clamp Valves | p. 301 |
| Lined Hoses | p. 301 |
| Lined Expansion Joints | p. 304 |
| Lining or Coating of Internals | p. 304 |
| Design and Fabrication of Vessels for Lining | p. 304 |
| Shop Versus Field Fabrication | p. 304 |
| References | p. 309 |
| Operations and Maintenance | p. 311 |
| Operations | p. 311 |
| Maintenance | p. 311 |
| Visual Examination | p. 311 |
| Visual Inspections of Vessels | p. 311 |
| Visual Inspection of Piping and Fittings | p. 312 |
| Visual Inspection of Valves | p. 312 |
| Visual Inspection of Hoses | p. 312 |
| Visual Inspection of Expansion Joints | p. 312 |
| Nondestructive and Destructive Examination | p. 312 |
| Non-Intrusive Examination | p. 313 |
| Risk-based Inspection Strategy (RBI) | p. 313 |
| Repairs | p. 314 |
| Failure Analysis | p. 315 |
| Introduction | p. 315 |
| Part Failure | p. 315 |
| Defect Analysis | p. 316 |
| Application of Failure Analysis Methodology | p. 322 |
| Infrared Spectroscopy | p. 324 |
| Electron Microscopy Techniques | p. 328 |
| Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) | p. 328 |
| Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) | p. 328 |
| Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Spectroscopy | p. 328 |
| Mass Spectroscopy (MS) | p. 328 |
| Gas Chromatography (GC) | p. 331 |
| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) | p. 331 |
| Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) | p. 331 |
| Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) | p. 332 |
| Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) | p. 339 |
| Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) | p. 342 |
| Surface Analysis | p. 342 |
| Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) | p. 342 |
| Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) | p. 345 |
| Examples of Failure Analysis | p. 345 |
| Case 1: Failed Lined Pipe | p. 345 |
| Case 2: Failed Check Valves | p. 345 |
| Case 3: Black Spots on FEP Coating | p. 348 |
| Case 4: Braided Hose Failure | p. 348 |
| Physical Defects Due to Part Fabrication | p. 350 |
| Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | p. 350 |
| Melt-processible Fluoropolymers | p. 352 |
| Injection Molding | p. 352 |
| Rotational and Transfer Molding | p. 352 |
| Measurement of Flaws | p. 352 |
| References | p. 356 |
| Modeling and Mechanical Analysis of Fluoropolymer Components | p. 359 |
| Introduction | p. 359 |
| Review of Modeling Techniques | p. 359 |
| Currently Available Material Models | p. 360 |
| Linear Elasticity | p. 362 |
| Hyperelasticity | p. 362 |
| Linear Viscoelasticity | p. 363 |
| Dual Network Fluoropolymer (DNF) Model | p. 364 |
| Failure and Deformation Predictions | p. 368 |
| Failure under Monotonic Loading | p. 369 |
| Failure under Cyclic Loading | p. 370 |
| Examples | p. 371 |
| Corrugated PTFE Hose | p. 371 |
| Threaded Connection Gasket | p. 372 |
| Summary | p. 378 |
| References | p. 380 |
| Cost Analysis | p. 381 |
| Introduction | p. 381 |
| Cost Analysis | p. 381 |
| References | p. 384 |
| Safety, Disposal, and Recycling of Fluoropolymers | p. 385 |
| Introduction | p. 385 |
| Toxicology of Fluoropolymers | p. 385 |
| Thermal Properties of Fluoropolymers | p. 385 |
| Emission During Processing | p. 386 |
| Safety Measures | p. 386 |
| Ventilation | p. 386 |
| Processing and Fabrication | p. 389 |
| Sintering | p. 389 |
| Paste Extrusion | p. 389 |
| Dispersion Coating | p. 389 |
| Melt Processing | p. 389 |
| Machining | p. 390 |
| Soldering and Melt Stripping | p. 390 |
| Welding Fluoropolymer | p. 390 |
| Welding and Flame-Cutting Fluoropolymer-Lined Metals | p. 390 |
| Spillage Cleanup | p. 390 |
| Equipment Cleaning and Maintenance | p. 390 |
| Protective Clothing | p. 390 |
| Personal Hygiene | p. 390 |
| Fire Hazard | p. 390 |
| Material Incompatibility | p. 391 |
| Food Contact and Medical Applications | p. 391 |
| Fluoropolymer Scrap and Recycling | p. 391 |
| Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods | p. 391 |
| References | p. 392 |
| Future Trends | p. 393 |
| Introduction | p. 393 |
| Fluoropolymer Applications | p. 393 |
| Fluoropolymer Resin Manufacturing | p. 393 |
| Growth of Fluoropolymer Industries | p. 393 |
| Technological Needs of Chemical Processing Industry | p. 394 |
| Non-destructive and Non-intrusive Condition Assessment | p. 394 |
| Accelerated Testing for Compatibility | p. 394 |
| References | p. 394 |
| Permeation Properties of Perfluoroplastics | p. 395 |
| Perfluoroalkoxy Resin | p. 395 |
| Permeability to Gases | p. 395 |
| References | p. 400 |
| Permeation Properties of Partially Fluorinated Fluoroplastics | p. 401 |
| Polyvinylidene Fluoride | p. 401 |
| Permeability | p. 401 |
| Permeability To Gases | p. 401 |
| Permeability To Liquids | p. 401 |
| Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer | p. 410 |
| Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer | p. 412 |
| Permeability to Gases and Water Vapor | p. 412 |
| Polyvinyl Fluoride | p. 417 |
| Fluorinated Polyethylene | p. 417 |
| Permeability to Oxygen | p. 417 |
| References | p. 420 |
| Permeation of Automotive Fuels Through Fluoroplastics | p. 421 |
| Test Method | p. 421 |
| Fuel Types | p. 421 |
| References | p. 422 |
| Permeation of Organic and Inorganic Chemicals Through Fluoroplastic Films | p. 423 |
| References | p. 426 |
| Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastics | p. 427 |
| Chemical Resistance of Fluoropolymers | p. 427 |
| PDL Resistance Rating | p. 427 |
| Glossary | p. 521 |
| Trademarks | p. 549 |
| Index | p. 551 |
| Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |
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