Forensic Botany: Principles and Applications to Criminal Casework

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ISBN: 9780849315299 | 0849315298
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/15/2004

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Increasingly, forensic scientists use plant evidence to reconstruct crimes. The forensic aspects of this subject require an understanding of what is necessary for botanical evidence to be accepted as evidence in our judicial system. Bringing together the latest information into a single, easy-to-use resource, this book introduces the basic science underlying the emerging field of forensic botany. The contributors discuss the recognition of pertinent plant evidence at a crime scene, appropriate collection and preservation of the material, maintenance of a chain of custody, understanding scientific testing methods, validation of the new forensic technique, and more.

Dedication

Foreword

vii

Acknowledgments

The Editor

xiii

Contributors

Introduction to Forensic Botany

(8)

Heather Miller Coyle

Plants Are Ubiquitous

(1)

Plants as Poisons

(1)

Plants as Trace/Transfer Evidence

(1)

Forensic Botany

(1)

Plants in Our Society

(4)

Food

(1)

Fiber

(1)

Medicine

(1)

Beauty

(1)

Recreation

(1)

Law Enforcement

(1)

General References

(2)

Basic Plant Biology

(20)

Heather Miller Coyle

What Is a Plant?

(1)

The Process of Photosynthesis

(1)

General Plant Classification Schemes

(1)

Plant Survival Strategies

(1)

Subspecialties of Forensic Botany

(1)

Plant Morphology

(1)

Plant Anatomy

(1)

Plant Systematics

(1)

Palynology

(1)

Plant ecology

(1)

Limnology

(1)

Plant Architecture

(2)

Roots

(1)

Stems

(1)

Flowers

(1)

Leaves

(1)

Practical Plant Classification Schemes

(8)

Vegetables and Herbs

(1)

Fruit-Bearing Trees and Plants

(1)

Landscaping Plants: Trees, Shrubs, and Vines

(1)

Grasses

(1)

Common Poisonous Plants

(2)

Types of Plant Toxins

(3)

Historical Case Report: Poisoning by Cicuta maculatum

(1)

Historical Case Report: A Botanical Mystery --- the Great Hedge of India

(1)

General References

(3)

Plant Cell Structure and Function

(16)

Heather Miller Coyle

Introduction to Plant Cell Components

(4)

The Cell Wall

(1)

The Nucleus

(1)

Ribosomes

(1)

The Plasma Membrane

(1)

The Vacuole

(1)

The Cytoplasm

(1)

The Plastids

(1)

Ergastic Substances

(1)

Spherosomes

(1)

Microtubules

(1)

Mitochondria

(1)

Basic Plant Tissues

(6)

Meristem

(1)

Parenchyma

(1)

Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

(1)

Xylem

(1)

Phloem

(1)

Secretory Cells

(1)

Epidermis

(1)

Periderm

(1)

Common Staining Techniques and Laboratory Exercises

(2)

Epidermis

(1)

Trichomes

(1)

Periderm

(1)

Collenchyma

(1)

Sclerenchyma

(1)

Summary

(1)

General References

(3)

Modes of Plant Reproduction

(14)

Heather Miller Coyle

Introduction

(1)

Forms of Plant Propagation

(4)

Sexual Reproduction

(2)

Asexual Reproduction

(1)

Cloning

(1)

Grafting

(1)

Rhizomes

(1)

Stolons

(1)

Apomixis

(1)

Plant Cell and Tissue Culture

(1)

Genetic Modification

(1)

Artificial Seeds

(1)

Plant Genomics

(1)

Databases as Repositories for DNA Information

(2)

GenBank

(1)

EMBL Databank

(1)

PIR and Swiss-Prot Databanks

(1)

DDBJ Databank

(1)

Plant DNA C-Values Database

(1)

TIGR (The Institute for Genomic Research)

(1)

Extraction of Plant DNA from Dried Plant Rhizomes

(2)

The Future of Plant Biology

(1)

Summary

(1)

General References

(2)

DNA Structure and Function

(22)

Part 1 Fundamental Genetics

(1)

Nicholas CS Yang

Introduction

(1)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Structure

(2)

Mitosis

(1)

Meiosis

(2)

Mendelian Genetics

(1)

Population Genetics

(2)

Conclusion

(3)

Part 2 Molecular Biology Basics

(1)

Heather Miller Coyle

DNA Extraction

(1)

PCR Amplification

(1)

Detection of Genetic Polymorphisms

(1)

Tools of the Trade

(2)

DNA Cloning

(1)

DNA Sequencing

(1)

A History of DNA --- Timeline

(3)

Summary

(2)

General References

(2)

Plant Diversity

(16)

Heather Miller Coyle

Introduction

(1)

The Plant Kingdom Classification System

(7)

Extant and Extinct Species

(1)

Creating Phylogenies

(5)

Plant Phylogenetic Resources

(1)

Case History: Tracking the History of Grape Cultivars

(1)

Case History: Tracking the History of the Potato

(2)

Case History: The Origin of Rice

(1)

Case History: Evolution of Corn (Zea mays)

(1)

Conservation Biology

(1)

The Molecular Measure of Genetic Diversity

(3)

SSR Markers for the Fungal Endophyte, Sphaeropsis Sapinea

(1)

Microsatellites in the Cultivated Peanut

(1)

The Use of Microsatellites to Study Inter- and Intraspecific Genetic Variation

(1)

Molecular Markers in Tree Species Used for Wood

(1)

Summary

(1)

General References

(1)

The Use of Biological and Botanical Evidence in Criminal Investigations

(20)

Carll Ladd

Henry C. Lee

Introduction

(2)

Physical Evidence and Crime Scenes

100

(1)

Sources of Biological and Botanical Evidence

101

(1)

Transfer of Biological and Botanical Evidence

101

(1)

Direct Deposit

101

(1)

Secondary Transfer

102

(1)

Evidence Recognition

102

(1)

Recognition of Botanical Evidence at Crime Scenes

103

(1)

Documentation of Biological and Botanical Evidence

103

(2)

Collection and Preservation of Biological and Botanical Evidence

105

(2)

General Biological Samples

105

(1)

Botanical Samples

105

(1)

Outdoor Crime Scene Considerations

106

(1)

Examination of a Body

106

(1)

Sources of DNA

107

(1)

General DNA Typing Considerations

107

(1)

Plant DNA Typing Considerations

108

(1)

Preparation of Genomic DNA from Plant Tissue

108

(9)

An Overview of Historical Developments in Forensic DNA Analysis

117

(20)

Gary Shutler

Protein Genetic Markers

118

(1)

Analysis Limitations

118

(1)

The First Forensic DNA Analysis --- RFLP Analysis

118

(3)

Jeffreys' Minisatellite Loci

118

(1)

The First DNA Case

119

(2)

DNA and Crime Labs

121

(2)

The Forensic Science Service and Cellmark in the U.K.

121

(1)

Lifecodes and Cellmark in the U.S.

122

(1)

The North American Publicly Funded Crime Laboratories

122

(1)

Hybridization Technologies

123

(2)

Single- vs. Multilocus Probes and Effects of Hybridization Stringency

123

(1)

DNA Quantification

124

(1)

The Polymerase Chain Reaction

125

(3)

PCR Origins

125

(1)

First Forensic Application of PCR Technology

125

(1)

Short Tandem Repeats

126

(2)

Nonhuman DNA Typing

128

(1)

Natural Resource Protection

128

(1)

Plant DNA Typing

129

(1)

Standards and Accreditation

129

(2)

Validation Studies for Nonhuman Evidence

129

(2)

Future Trends and Challenges

131

(1)

References

132

(5)

DNA and the Identification of Plant Species from Stomach Contents

137

(14)

Cheng-Lung Lee

Ian C. Hsu

Heather Miller Coyle

Henry C. Lee

Part I: Ancient DNA

138

(2)

Forensic Ecology for Dating of Human Remains

138

(2)

Dating of Plant Pollen

140

(1)

Part II: Types of Plant Evidence Found in the Stomach

140

(2)

Evidence Collection

141

(1)

Collection and Processing of Fecal Matter

142

(1)

Case Examples10

142

(2)

Blueberry Seeds Unravel a Child Abuse Case

142

(1)

Was McDonald's a Last Meal?

143

(1)

Murder of a Husband?

143

(1)

Death by Accidental or Intentional Drowning?

143

(1)

Part III: Current Research in Gastric Forensics

144

(5)

Introduction

144

(1)

Materials and Methods

145

(2)

Results

147

(2)

Summary

149

(1)

References

149

(2)

Plant Identification by DNA

151

(16)

Part 1 Identification of Plant Species from Particulate Material Using Molecular Methods

151

(1)

Robert A. Bever

Methods Strategy

152

(2)

Mock Case Example

154

(4)

Materials and Methods

155

(1)

Results

155

(1)

Discussion

156

(2)

Summary --- The Use of Molecular Systematics to Aid in Forensic Investigations

158

(1)

References

158

(1)

Part 2 Species Identification of Marijuana by DNA Analysis

159

(1)

Margaret Sanger

Molecular Marijuana Identification

159

(2)

General References

161

(2)

Part 3 Case Study: DNA Profiling to Link Drug Seizures in the United Kingdom

163

(1)

Adrian Linacre

Hsing-Mei Hsieh

James Chun-I Lee

Case Study

163

(1)

Materials and Methods

164

(1)

Results

165

(1)

Summary

166

(1)

The Green Revolution: Botanical Contributions to Forensics and Drug Enforcement

167

(18)

Part 1 Classic Forensic Botany Cases

167

(1)

Heather Miller Coyle

Carll Ladd

Timothy Palmbach

Henry C. Lee

Introduction

167

(1)

Plant Anatomy and Systematics

168

(2)

Palynology

170

(1)

Plant Ecology

171

(1)

Limnology

172

(1)

Plant Molecular Biology and DNA

173

(1)

Drug Enforcement and DNA

174

(1)

Summary

175

(1)

References

176

(3)

Part 2 Additional Case Studies

179

(1)

Elaine Pagliaro

The Hoeplinger Case

179

(3)

Trace Botanical Evidence to Link a Body to a Suspect

182

(1)

Forensic Archeology and Burial Sites

182

(1)

General References

183

(2)

Tracking Clonally Propagated Marijuana Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Analysis

185

(12)

Heather Miller Coyle

Timothy Palmbach

Carll Ladd

Henry C. Lee

Introduction

186

(2)

Material and Methods

188

(2)

Tissue Source

188

(1)

DNA Extraction and Estimate of DNA Yield

188

(1)

AFLP Analysis

189

(1)

Data Management

190

(1)

Results

190

(3)

Tissue Source and Presence of Plant Resin Do Not Affect the AFLP Profile

190

(1)

Genetic Evidence of Clonal Marijuana Propagation

191

(2)

Unrelated Marijuana Samples Have Different AFLP Profiles

193

(1)

Discussion

193

(1)

Acknowledgments

194

(1)

References

194

(3)

Legal Considerations for Acceptance of New Forensic Methods in Court

197

(20)

Timothy Palmbach

Gary Shutler

Introduction

198

(1)

Early Issues

198

(2)

General Admissibility

200

(5)

Frye

201

(1)

Daubert

202

(1)

FRE 702 and FRE 703

202

(2)

FRE 701

204

(1)

FRE 702

204

(1)

FRE 703

204

(1)

Applying These Standards to Nonhuman DNA Analysis

205

(1)

Lineage-Based Testing

206

(2)

Landmark Cases for Nonhuman DNA Typing

208

(3)

Plant Evidence

208

(2)

Cat Hair Evidence

210

(1)

Dog Evidence

210

(1)

Further Court Cases Addressing Concerns with Nonhuman DNA

211

(2)

Future Legal Issues Relating to Nonhuman DNA Testing

213

(1)

References

214

(3)

Forensic Palynology

217

(36)

Lynne A. Milne

Vaughn M. Bryant, Jr.

Dallas C. Mildenhall

Introduction

218

(1)

History and Utilization of Forensic Palynology

219

(3)

Pollen and Spores --- What, Where, and Why?

222

(6)

The Biological Role of Pollen

222

(1)

The Physical Characteristics of Pollen

223

(1)

Size

223

(1)

Shape

224

(1)

Aperture Type

224

(1)

Sculpture

224

(1)

Wall Composition and Preservation

224

(1)

Wall Structure

225

(1)

Pollen Production and Dispersal

225

(1)

Water-Pollination (Hydrogamous)

226

(1)

Self-Pollination (Autogamous)

226

(1)

Closed-Pollination (Cleistogamous)

227

(1)

Animal/Insect Pollination (Zoogamous)

227

(1)

Wind-Pollination (Anemophilous)

227

(1)

Pollen Analysis --- How It Works

228

(6)

Palynomorph Assemblages: The ``Fingerprints'' of Localities

228

(1)

Sample Preparation for Pollen Analysis

229

(2)

Interpreting Forensic Pollen Assemblages

231

(1)

An Australian Example

231

(3)

The Significance of the Evidence

234

(1)

Situations in Which Palynology Can Assist an Investigation

234

(1)

Types of Samples

235

(4)

Control Samples

235

(1)

Forensic Pollen Samples

235

(1)

Soil, Dirt, and Dust

236

(1)

Case History: Muddy Motorbike

236

(1)

Clothing and Woven Material

236

(1)

Case History: Algal Assault

237

(1)

Fibers from Rope, Carpets, Fur, and Animal and Human Hair

237

(1)

Case History: Sheepish Sale

237

(1)

Illicit Drugs

238

(1)

Case History: Canned by Cannabis Pollen

238

(1)

Case History: Traveling Cocaine

239

(1)

Packing Materials

239

(1)

Case History: Soiled Machinery

239

(1)

Comparison of Pollen Assemblages from Control and Exhibit Samples: An Example

239

(1)

Sample Collection and Storage

240

(5)

Pollen Control Samples

241

(1)

Collection of Pollen from Soil, Mud, and Water Samples

241

(2)

Storage of Soil, Mud, and Water Samples

243

(1)

Plant Reference Samples

243

(1)

Collection and Storage of Plant Reference Specimens

243

(1)

Additional Collection Tips for Palynology

244

(1)

The Use of Multiple Collection and Extraction Methods

245

(1)

Examination of Forensic Samples

245

(1)

The Future of Forensic Palynology

246

(1)

References

247

(1)

Additional References

247

(1)

Case History: Cereal Points to a Serial Rapist

248

(2)

Case History: Hobbled by Hypericum

250

(1)

Case History: Nothofagus Noticed

251

(2)

Classical and Future DNA Typing Technologies for Plants

253

(22)

Eric J. Carita

Introduction

254

(1)

Classical Plant DNA Typing Methods

254

(11)

Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis

254

(2)

Advantages and Disadvantages to RAPD Analysis

256

(1)

Can RAPD Analysis Help Catch a Killer?

257

(3)

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis

260

(1)

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Analysis

260

(1)

Using AFLP to Track Illegal Marijuana Cultivation and Distribution

261

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of AFLP Analysis

261

(4)

The Future of Forensic Plant Genotyping

265

(5)

Repeat Sequence Genetic Testing

265

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Short Tandem Repeat Analysis

266

(2)

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Assays

268

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Plant SNP Assays

269

(1)

Microchip Nanotechnologies

269

(1)

Plant DNA Extraction: Combating the Problem of Low Yield

270

(1)

Field Testing: Genotyping at the Crime Scene

271

(2)

Summary

273

(1)

References

273

(2)

Appendix A Considerations for the Use of Forensic Botanical Evidence: An Overview

275

(6)

Appendix B Glossary of Terms

281

(10)

Appendix C Directory of Contacts

291

(4)

Appendix D Biographies

295

(10)

Index

305

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Forensic Botany: Principles and Applications to Criminal Casework

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