Forensic Engineering, Second Edition

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ISBN: 9780849374845 | 0849374847
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/28/2000

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This edition of Forensic Engineering updates the original work with new case studies and investigative techniques. Contributors to the book are the foremost authorities in each area of specialization. These specialty areas include fire investigation, industrial accidents, product liability, traffic accidents, civil engineering and transportation disasters, and environmental systems failures. Each chapter includes discussions of guidelines, techniques, methods, and tools employed in accident investigation and analysis. In addition, the book contains vital information on forensic photogrammetry, the planning and writing of reports, and the presentation of evidence as an expert witness in traditional litigation. The book also analyzes the role of the forensic engineer in the evolving methods of alternate dispute resolution. Overall, Forensic Engineering is a tremendously valuable reference for forensic experts practicing in all engineering fields, as well as design and construction professionals, attorneys, product manufacturers, and insurance professionals. It is also as an excellent supplemental text for engineering and law students.

What Is Forensic Engineering?

(15)

Kenneth L. Carper

Introduction

(4)

Definitions

(1)

Accident Reconstruction

(2)

Typical Clients and Projects

(1)

Influence on Improved Practices

(1)

Qualifications of the Forensic Engineer

(4)

Technical Competency

(1)

Knowledge of Legal Procedures

(1)

Detective Skills

(1)

Oral and Written Communication Skills

(1)

Other Skills

(1)

Personality Characteristics

(1)

Ethics and Professional Responsibilities

(1)

Resources and Professional Organizations

(2)

Professional Organizations

(1)

Journals and Regular Publications

(1)

Opportunities in Forensic Engineering Practice

(3)

References

(3)

Learning from Failures

(20)

Kenneth L. Carper

Introduction

(1)

Historical Context: Trial-and-Error Tradition

(3)

Definition of Failure

(1)

Causes of Failure

(6)

Data Collection and Information Dissemination

(3)

Failure Trends and Professional Response

(7)

Trends Leading to an Increase in the Frequency and Severity of Failures

(3)

Failure-reduction Strategies

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(2)

Fire Investigation

(30)

Paul E. Pritzker

Introduction

(1)

Background

(1)

Investigative Techniques, Procedures, and Tools

(4)

Training

(1)

The Engineering Team

(2)

Fire Investigative Results

(1)

Fire Investigations: Case Studies

(12)

High-rise Apartment Incinerator Door

(1)

Industrial Equipment Fire

(1)

Condominium Natural Gas Explosion

(1)

Cooking Fire: Improper Stove Part

(1)

Malfunctioning Television Set

(1)

Electrical Accident: Government Building

(2)

Vacation Home: Inadequate Egress

(3)

Boating Accident

(1)

Arson

(1)

Computer Equipment Facility Fire

(3)

Do-it-Yourself Wiring

(1)

NFPA Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigation (1998 Edition)

(1)

Fire Model Applications

(2)

Effects of Recent Legal Decisions on Expert Testimony in Fire Analysis Litigation

(1)

Daubert

Benfield

Spoliation of Evidence

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Information Sources

(3)

Industrial Accidents

(38)

Ron Hendry

Introduction

(1)

Categories of Investigation

(1)

Diversity of Technical Qualifications for Industrial Accident Investigators

(2)

Involved Parties

(1)

Goals of the Investigation

(1)

Ethical Considerations

(1)

Before Taking the Assignment

(1)

Wearing More Than One Hat

(1)

The Investigator Must Have Sound Bases for an Opinion

(1)

Referring the Client to the Type of Expert Needed

(1)

Investigative Techniques

(3)

Investigative Tools

(1)

Investigative Activities

(5)

Failure Analysis

(1)

A Failure Analysis Example

(1)

Failure Analysis Using Photographs

(1)

Tests and Simulations

(2)

Layout and Analytical Analysis

(1)

Use of Multiple Investigators

(1)

Industrial Accidents Involving Knowledge, Accountability, and Job Description

(2)

User Knowledge and Accountability

(1)

Differences Between the Maintenance and Operator Functions

(1)

General Observations: Human Nature and Accidents

(3)

Safety First?

(1)

Procedural Errors

(1)

Miscalculations

(1)

Fewer Accidents Happen When All Runs Smoothly

(1)

Using The Machine Even Though it is Not Running Normally

(1)

Accident-prone Workers

(1)

Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Responsibilities and Problems

(9)

Designing for the Emergency

(2)

Poorly Evaluated Product Changes

(1)

Who Provides the Guarding?

(2)

The Open-and-Obvious-Hazard Argument

(1)

Changes in the Intended Mode of Operation

(1)

Mismatch between Provided Maintenance and Needs of the Machine

(1)

Feedback

(1)

Machines That ``Don't Wear Out''

(3)

Not All Accidents are Avoidable by the OEM's Efforts

(1)

Other Investigations: Case Studies

(6)

How Much Visibility is Enough?

(1)

Gross Negligence Actions

(1)

The Painted Scaffold

(1)

Water, Water Everywhere

(1)

Ammonia-flavored Ice Cream

(3)

Anti-two Block

(1)

Impact of Forensic Activity on Improved Practices, Products, or Planning

(1)

Conclusion

100

(2)

Information Sources

102

(1)

Product Liability

103

(26)

Lindley Manning

Introduction

103

(3)

Definition of Product Liability

104

(1)

Legal Systems

105

(1)

Product Liability Law

106

(5)

English Common Law

106

(1)

United States Law

107

(1)

Strict Liability

108

(1)

Restatement of Torts

108

(1)

Modifications to Strict Liability

109

(1)

Failure to Warn

110

(1)

Subsequent Change

110

(1)

Defect without Liability

110

(1)

Product Liability Other Than Strict Liability

111

(3)

Negligence

111

(1)

Breach of Warranty

111

(3)

Other Legal Doctrines

114

(1)

Comparative Negligence

114

(1)

Deep Pockets

114

(1)

Workers' Compensation

114

(1)

Court Systems

115

(2)

Federal Courts

115

(1)

State Courts

116

(1)

The Litigation Process

117

(3)

The Manufacturer

118

(1)

Plaintiffs

119

(1)

Experts

120

(1)

Tools of the Trade

120

(1)

Concluding Comments

121

(8)

Tort Reform

121

(2)

Daubert Case

123

(1)

Kumho Case

123

(2)

Case Trends

125

(2)

Change -- The Only Certainty

127

(1)

References

128

(1)

Traffic Accident Reconstruction

129

(30)

Joel T. Hicks

Introduction

129

(2)

Typical Clients

129

(1)

Typical Information Sought

129

(1)

Scope and Purpose of Investigation

130

(1)

Resources

131

(1)

Investigative Techniques, Procedures, and Tools

131

(6)

Background Information

132

(1)

Photographs

132

(1)

Inspecting the Scene and the Vehicles

133

(1)

Inspecting the Scene

133

(3)

Inspecting the Vehicles

136

(1)

Analytical Resources, Skills, and Methods

137

(12)

The Drawing

137

(1)

Distance, Speed, and Time

138

(2)

Momentum

140

(1)

Work and Energy

141

(1)

Force, Mass, and Acceleration

142

(1)

The Simple Case: Maximum Braking

143

(1)

The Not-so-Simple Case: Less Than Full Braking

144

(1)

Center of Mass

145

(1)

Coefficient of Friction

146

(1)

Collision Dynamics

147

(1)

Trajectory

147

(1)

Impact Analysis

148

(1)

Analysis of Variance

148

(1)

Sequence of Events

149

(1)

The Report

149

(1)

Formal Reports

149

(1)

Other Report Types

150

(1)

Beyond the Report: Examples of Increased Safety as a Result of Forensic Investigations

150

(1)

Tom Prewitt's Work: Perception of Sirens

150

(1)

Front-axle Brakes on ``Bob'' Tractors

150

(1)

Suspension Bolt Recall

151

(1)

Case Studies

151

(8)

Rear-end Case Study

151

(5)

Right-angle Case Study

156

(1)

References

157

(2)

Transportation Disaster Investigation

159

(64)

Rudolf Kapustin

Introduction

159

(1)

History

159

(3)

First Fatal Aircraft Accident

159

(1)

Need for an Aviation Accident Authority

160

(1)

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)

161

(1)

Accident Investigation Methodology

162

(17)

U.S. Experience in Accident Investigation

162

(2)

The Investigation ``Team'' and ``Party'' Concept

164

(1)

The Concept -- How it Works

164

(3)

Members of the Typical Investigation Team

167

(7)

Procedures for the Investigative Team

174

(1)

The Public Hearing: Applying the ``Party'' Concept

175

(1)

Public Hearing: a Continuing Phase of the Investigation

175

(2)

Designation of Parties to the Hearing

177

(1)

Introduction of Evidence Into the Record: Witness Questioning Procedures

177

(1)

Compilation and Use of the Evidence

178

(1)

The Report

178

(1)

A Case History: Air Florida Potomac River Accident

179

(40)

Description of the Accident

179

(1)

The Investigation

179

(1)

Operations Group Investigation

179

(6)

Witness Group Report

185

(3)

Weather Group Report

188

(2)

Air Traffic Control Group Report

190

(3)

Airport Group Report

193

(2)

Power Plant Group Report

195

(1)

Structures Group Report

196

(8)

Systems Group Report

204

(1)

Survival Factors Group Report

204

(3)

Cockpit Voice Recorder and Flight Data Recorder Group Report

207

(3)

Performance Group Report

210

(2)

Human Performance Report

212

(1)

Maintenance Records Group Report

212

(1)

Selected Findings and Conclusions

213

(1)

Findings

213

(3)

Probable Cause

216

(1)

Recommendations

216

(1)

Response from the FAA to NTSB Recommendations

217

(2)

Further Recommendations

219

(1)

The Purpose of Investigation: Prevention of Accidents

219

(4)

References

221

(2)

Civil Engineering Investigation

223

(48)

Glenn R. Bell

Introduction

223

(5)

Qualifications of the Investigator

228

(5)

Activities in the Investigative Process

233

(1)

The Investigative Team

234

(2)

Site Investigation and Sample Collection

236

(14)

General

236

(1)

Equipment

237

(1)

Written Record of Observations

237

(3)

Photography

240

(1)

Sample Removal

240

(1)

Eyewitness Accounts

241

(1)

Field Tests -- Structural Investigations

242

(1)

General

242

(1)

Load Tests

242

(1)

Instrumentation

242

(2)

Dimensional Measurements

244

(2)

Concrete and Masonry Materials

246

(1)

Metal Materials

246

(1)

Wood Materials

246

(1)

Weld Testing

247

(1)

Water and Air Penetration, Heat Loss

247

(1)

Subsurface Investigation

248

(1)

Field Tests -- Geotechnical Investigations

248

(1)

General

248

(1)

Borings and Penetration Tests

249

(1)

Test Pits

249

(1)

In-place Strength Tests

250

(1)

Load Tests

250

(1)

Instrumentation

250

(1)

Dimensional Measurements

250

(1)

Seismic Tests

250

(1)

Document Collection and Review

250

(4)

General

250

(1)

Project-specific Documents

251

(1)

Research Documents

251

(3)

Theoretical Analyses

254

(1)

Laboratory Tests

255

(7)

General

255

(1)

Structural Laboratory Tests

256

(1)

Component or Mockup Load Tests

256

(1)

Concrete Materials

256

(1)

Resistance to Environmental Attack

256

(1)

Metal Materials

256

(1)

Masonry Materials

256

(2)

Wood Materials

258

(1)

Subsurface Tests and Nondestructive Weld Testing

258

(1)

Model Tests

258

(2)

Water and Air Penetration, Heat Loss

260

(1)

Scanning Electron Microscope Examination

260

(1)

Geotechnical Laboratory Tests

260

(1)

Soil Classification

260

(1)

Strength Tests

260

(2)

Water-related Tests

262

(1)

Groundwater Tests

262

(1)

Others

262

(1)

Failure Hypotheses, Data Analyses, Formation of Conclusions

262

(3)

Determination of Procedural Responsibilities

265

(1)

Reports

266

(5)

References

268

(3)

Environmental Systems Failures

271

(34)

Fred H. Taylor

Introduction

271

(1)

Purpose and Scope of Investigations

272

(6)

Functions of the Environmental Systems Forensic Engineer (ESFE)

272

(2)

Client Relationships

274

(2)

Fields of Practice

276

(1)

Qualifications of the ESFE

277

(1)

Techniques

278

(2)

Tools

280

(4)

Tools in the Field

280

(2)

Tools in the Office

282

(2)

Associated Disciplines

284

(2)

Change in the Industry

286

(1)

Case Histories

287

(15)

44-Story Office Building, San Francisco, California

287

(1)

Complaint

287

(1)

System

288

(1)

Problem

289

(3)

Investigation

292

(2)

Conclusions

294

(1)

18-Story Office Building, San Jose, California

294

(1)

Complaint

295

(1)

System

295

(1)

Problem

296

(1)

Investigation

296

(1)

Conclusions

297

(1)

Three-Story County Administration Building, Central California

298

(1)

Complaint

298

(1)

System

298

(1)

Investigation

299

(1)

Conclusions

300

(2)

Conclusions

302

(3)

References

304

(1)

The Report

305

(22)

M.D. Morris

Basic Notions

305

(2)

Thinking and Planning

307

(9)

Reasons for Writing

308

(1)

The Audience

309

(2)

Substance

311

(3)

Investigation/Preparation

314

(2)

Conducting the Investigation

316

(1)

Data Distillation and Distribution

317

(2)

Outline Building

319

(3)

Writer's Block

322

(2)

A Few Helpful Ground Rules

324

(1)

Delivery

325

(1)

Writing

325

(2)

Forensic Photogrammetry

327

(34)

William G. Hyzer

Introduction

327

(2)

Photographic Testimony

329

(1)

Photographic Techniques

329

(8)

Cameras

329

(4)

SLR Camera Lenses

333

(3)

Additional Accessory Items

336

(1)

Measurements From Photographs

337

(5)

Reference Scales

337

(1)

Macro Photogrammetric Scale

338

(2)

Perspective Grid Technique

340

(2)

Reconstruction Methods

342

(9)

Two-dimensional Reconstruction Methods

342

(4)

Two-dimensional Reconstruction without a Scale

346

(2)

Three-dimensional Reconstruction from a Single Image

348

(1)

Reverse Projection

348

(2)

Multiple-image Methods

350

(1)

Darkroom Procedures

351

(1)

Record Keeping

351

(3)

Role of the Imaging Expert

354

(3)

Guidelines for Effective Forensic Photography

357

(4)

References

358

(3)

The Engineer as an Expert Witness

361

(22)

Robert A. Rubin

Dana Wordes

Introduction

361

(1)

Ethical Considerations

362

(1)

Claim Analysis

363

(1)

Discovery

363

(1)

Interrogatories

364

(1)

Depositions

364

(3)

Preparation for Trial, Arbitration, or Mediation Proceedings

367

(2)

Rules of Evidence

369

(4)

Relevancy

369

(1)

Hearsay

370

(1)

Exceptions to Hearsay

370

(2)

Privileged Communications

372

(1)

The Trial

373

(1)

Preparing for a Court Appearance

373

(1)

Direct Examination

374

(2)

Cross-examination

376

(1)

Re-direct and Re-Cross-examination

377

(1)

Summary

378

(1)

Alternative Dispute Resolution

378

(5)

Mediation

378

(1)

Minitrial

379

(1)

Disputes Review Board

379

(1)

Arbitration

380

(1)

Acknowledgments

380

(1)

References

381

(2)

Conclusion

383

(2)

Kenneth L. Carper

Appendix: ICED/ASFE Recommended Practices

385

(6)

Index

391

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Forensic Engineering, Second Edition

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

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5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Forensic Engineering, Second Edition

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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