Forensic Science and Law: Investigative Applications in Criminal, Civil and Family Justice

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ISBN: 9780849319709 | 0849319706
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/22/2005

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In the forensic community, Cyril Wecht is one of the world's most highly respected forensic experts. Wecht now offers his expertise in Forensic Science and Law: Investigative Applications in Criminal, Civil, and Family Justice. Featuring contributions from renowned experts in the forensic scientific and legal professions, this book communicates the wide range of methods and approaches used for achieving justice in these circumstances. A solid grounding in the underlying principles of our legal system provides a context for understanding how these methods are applied. The book brings together the words and thoughts of diverse professionals whose common goal is to uncover the truth.

Part I: Overview

Ancient Tradition --- The Relationship of Science and Law

(8)

Robert D. Taylor

The Pleistocene Epoch: The Regime of Fire over Ice

(1)

The Neolithic Period: The Stellar Regime

(1)

The Newtonian Age: The Machine Regime

(2)

The Present and the Future: The Age of Chaos

(1)

Notes

(3)

Logic in Forensic Science

(24)

Ruggero J. Aldisert

The Language of Logic

(2)

Argument

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Premise

(1)

Inference

(1)

The Distinction between Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

(1)

Logic in the Forensic Sciences Is Neither All Deductive nor All Inductive

(12)

Deductive Reasoning

(6)

Inductive Reasoning

(5)

Fallacies

(7)

Formal Fallacies

(1)

Informal (Material) Fallacies

(5)

Argumentum ad Nauseum

(1)

How Logic Will Help You

(1)

Notes

(2)

Forensic Science and Law --- Revealing Truth and Freedom in a Single Light

(32)

John T. Rago

Introduction

(2)

The Learning Moment of Postconviction DNA Testing: Forensic Science and Law at Work

(1)

Innocence Reforms: The Race Begins

(2)

With a Reading of The Blooding, a Scientific Revolution Is Unleashed in American Criminal Justice: The Story of Kirk Noble Bloodsworth

(4)

The Evidence Is In

(1)

Have You Reached Your Verdict?

(1)

We Are Not Sure, Your Honor

(1)

The Legal Profession and Public Policy Begin to Respond to the Ageless Errors of Our Ways

(3)

Notes

(18)

Part II: Foundations of Law

Criminal Law and Procedure

(42)

Bruce A. Antkowiak

The Historical Perspective

(3)

The Philosophical Basis of the American Criminal Justice System

(11)

The Need for Clearly Defined Criminal Laws

(1)

The Jury Trial

(1)

The Presumption of Innocence and Proof beyond a Reasonable Doubt

(5)

Other Aspects of the American System Influenced by the Philosophy of the Enlightenment

(2)

Sources of Criminal Law

(3)

The Constitution and Criminal Procedure

(7)

Search and Seizure: The 4th/14th Amendments

(1)

The Requirements of a Valid Search Warrant

(2)

Some Common Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement

(3)

Custodial Interrogations: the 5th/14th Amendments

(1)

Making the Case Ready for Trial

(4)

Preserving Evidence for Trial

(1)

Preserving and Producing Evidence in Discovery

(3)

When the System Fails: Wrongful Convictions

(3)

Notes

(10)

Forensic Science and the Family

109

(30)

Vanessa S. Browne-Barbour

Margaret K. Krasik

Introduction

109

(12)

Fundamentals of Family Law

109

(2)

Domestic Violence

111

(3)

Child Custody

114

(1)

Syndromes

115

(4)

Parentage Testing

119

(2)

Elder Law Basics: Planning for Autonomy

121

(9)

Intestacy: The Default System for Identifying Heirs to a Decedent's Property

122

(1)

Probate: The Default System for Administering and Distributing Decedents' Property

123

(1)

Guardianship: The Default System for Personal Decision Making in the Case of Incompetency

124

(1)

Planning Ahead to Avoid the Default System, Part 1: Using Wills and Other Basic Legal Instruments to Achieve Financial Autonomy

125

(2)

Planning Ahead to Avoid the Legal Default System, Part 2: Using Powers of Attorney Health Care and Living Wills to Plan for Personal Autonomy

127

(3)

Conclusion

130

(1)

Sources for Part II: Elder Law

130

(1)

Notes

130

(9)

The Civil Justice System

139

(12)

Nicholas P. Cafardi

Civil and Criminal Justice

139

(1)

The Elements of the Civil Justice System

140

(1)

Civil Claims

140

(1)

The Court System

140

(3)

The State Court System

141

(1)

The Federal Court System

141

(1)

Finding the Right Court

142

(1)

Personal Jurisdiction

142

(1)

Venue

143

(1)

The Phases of a Civil Justice Proceeding

143

(5)

The Pretrial Phase

144

(2)

The Trial Phase

146

(1)

The Post Trial Phase

147

(1)

Further Reading

294

(5)

Part IV: Foundations of Forensic Science

Section A: Evidence and the Physical Sciences

A Critical Analysis of Selected Features of Fingerprinting

299

(24)

James E. Starrs

Introduction: The Coverage

299

(1)

Preposterous Claims

300

(1)

The Fingerprint as an ``Unforgeable Signature''

301

(4)

More Fuel for the Defense Flame: The CSI Effect

305

(2)

Fingerprinting Testimony beyond the Expert's Qualifications

307

(1)

The Uniqueness Dilemma

308

(2)

The Infallibility Equation

310

(2)

Objectivity is the Watchword of Science

312

(1)

A Method without Uniform Standards

312

(1)

Remedial Recommendations

313

(1)

Who's in Charge?

314

(1)

Notes

314

(3)

SWGFAST Glossary

317

(6)

Trace Evidence Examination

323

(10)

Pamela M. Woods

Introduction

323

(2)

Collection of Trace Evidence

325

(2)

Packaging and Labeling Evidence

327

(1)

Questioned Materials and Known Materials

327

(1)

Defining Trace Evidence

328

(1)

Fiber Examination

329

(1)

Glass Evidence

329

(1)

Paint Evidence

330

(1)

The Importance of Trace Evidence Collection

331

(1)

Endnotes

331

(2)

Firearm and Toolmark Identification

333

(24)

Deborah L. Chaklos

Michelle N. Kuehner

Introduction

333

(1)

Introduction to Firearms

334

(2)

Introduction to Ammunition

336

(2)

Firearms Identification

338

(5)

Theory of Firearms Identification

338

(1)

Barrel Manufacturing Process

338

(1)

Marks Produced on Bullets and Cartridge Cases: Class and Individual Characteristics

339

(4)

Laboratory Examination of Firearms and Fired Components

343

(3)

Laboratory Examination of Firearms

344

(1)

Laboratory Examination of Fired Ammunition Components

345

(1)

National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN)

346

(1)

Other Types of Examinations

347

(6)

Serial Number Restoration

347

(1)

Detection of Primer Gunshot Residue (PGSR)

348

(2)

Distance Determination/Detection of Gunshot Residue on Clothing

350

(3)

Glossary of Terms

353

(1)

References and Resources

354

(3)

The Investigation of Fire and Explosions

357

(8)

Robert M. Huston

Principles of Ignition and Combustion

357

(1)

Processing the Fire Scene

358

(2)

The Nature and Role of Explosions

360

(1)

Processing the Explosion Scene

361

(1)

Fire and Explosions and Death Investigations

362

(1)

Special Fire Investigation Scenarios

362

(1)

References

363

(2)

Questioned Document Examination

365

(22)

Thomas W. Vastrick

Introduction

365

(1)

Handwriting: Background Information

366

(4)

Forgery

370

(3)

Handwriting: Known Specimens

373

(2)

Distorted Handwriting

375

(2)

Disguise

375

(1)

Outside Influences

376

(1)

Handwriting: The Comparison Process

377

(1)

Alterations to Documents

377

(5)

Indented Writing

382

(1)

Charred Documents

382

(1)

Office Machine Examinations

383

(1)

Counterfeit Document Examination

383

(4)

Section B: Evidence and the Biological Sciences

Forensic Pathology

387

(14)

Cyril H. Wecht

Victor W. Weedn

Pathology and Forensic Pathology

387

(3)

Coroners and Medical Examiners

390

(2)

Medical--Legal Death Investigation

392

(2)

The Value of Forensic Pathologists to Society

394

(3)

Forensic Pathology and Criminal Justice

395

(1)

Forensic Pathology and Public Health

395

(1)

Forensic Pathology and Homeland Security

396

(1)

Forensic Pathology Education and Research

396

(1)

Forensic Pathology and the Federal Government

397

(1)

Forensic Science and the Forensic Pathologist

398

(1)

References

399

(2)

Forensic Toxicology

401

(8)

Frederick W. Fochtman

Postmortem Forensic Toxicology

401

(2)

Human Performance Toxicology

403

(1)

Alcohol in the Body and Its Effects

403

(1)

Drugs and Driving

404

(1)

Forensic Drug Testing

405

(2)

References

407

(2)

Serology

409

(10)

Thomas C. Meyers

The Role of the Forensic Serologist

409

(1)

Identification of Blood

410

(1)

Catalytic Tests

410

(3)

Crystal Tests

411

(1)

Immunological Tests

412

(1)

Blood Stain Pattern Interpretation

413

(1)

Identification of Semen and Saliva

414

(3)

Semen

414

(2)

Saliva

416

(1)

References

417

(2)

DNA Analysis

419

(12)

Victor W. Weedn

Historical Backdrop

419

(1)

What Is DNA?

420

(1)

Biological Evidence

421

(1)

Rapes/Sexual Assaults

422

(1)

Other Crimes

422

(1)

Specimen Collection

422

(1)

Trace DNA

423

(1)

Analytic Methods

423

(3)

RFLP

423

(1)

PCR

423

(1)

STRs

424

(1)

Amelogenin

425

(1)

Y-STRs

425

(1)

mtDNA

425

(1)

New Techniques

426

(1)

Databases

426

(1)

Field Testing

427

(1)

QA/Accreditation

427

(1)

Legal Challenges

428

(1)

References

428

(3)

The Science of Forensic Entomology

431

(12)

Neal H. Haskell

Forensic Entomology as a Concept

431

(1)

Historical Perspective of Forensic Entomology

432

(1)

Current Forensic Entomology

433

(1)

Time Since Death

434

(1)

Case Study on Time Since Death Estimation

435

(2)

Determination of Victim Origin by Known Insect Species Distribution

437

(1)

Colonization of Areas on Remains to Identify Sites of Trauma

438

(1)

Other Applications of Forensic Entomology

438

(1)

Entomology in Civil Litigation

439

(1)

Conclusions

440

(1)

References

440

(3)

Forensic Odontology

443

(12)

Michael N. Sobel

Introduction

443

(2)

Basic Concept of Forensic Odontology

445

(1)

Dental Identification

445

(2)

Identification Case Example 1

446

(1)

Identification Case Example 2

447

(1)

Mass Casualty Management

447

(1)

Bite Mark Evidence

448

(2)

Bite Mark Case Example

449

(1)

Patterned Mark Case Example

449

(1)

Human Abuse Evidence

450

(1)

Abuse Case Example

451

(1)

Analysis of Dental Evidence

451

(1)

Tooth Fragment Case Example

451

(1)

Developing Applications

451

(1)

UV Light Case Example

452

(1)

Conclusion

452

(1)

References

453

(2)

Forensic Anthropology

455

(10)

Kathleen J. Reichs

Introduction

455

(2)

Stage I: Field Recovery

457

(1)

Stage II: Laboratory Analysis: The Biological Profile

457

(2)

Age

457

(1)

Sex

458

(1)

Race

458

(1)

Stature

458

(1)

Individuation

459

(1)

Stage II: Laboratory Analysis: Time and Manner of Death

459

(2)

Time of Death

459

(1)

Manner of Death

459

(2)

Stage III: Report/Court Testimony

461

(1)

Conclusion

461

(1)

References

462

(3)

Section C: Evidence and the Social and Applied Sciences: An Overview

465

(210)

Jagdeep S. Bhandari

Notes

472

(3)

Behavioral Science and the Law

475

(20)

Michael Welner

Katherine M. Ramsland

Introduction

475

(1)

Criminal Matters

476

(9)

Competency

476

(2)

Criminal Responsibility

478

(2)

Presentencing

480

(1)

Corrections

481

(2)

Behavioral Profiling

483

(1)

Psychological Autopsy

484

(1)

Civil Matters

485

(4)

Involuntary Hospitalization and Treatment

485

(1)

Emotional Injury

486

(1)

Elders and the Incapacitated

487

(1)

Child Custody and Domestic Relations

488

(1)

Workplace Matters

489

(1)

Harassment and Discrimination

489

(1)

The ADA and Disability, and Fitness for Duty

489

(1)

Workplace Risk

490

(1)

Practice Issues

490

(3)

Ethics

490

(3)

Psychological Testing

493

(1)

Working with the Psychiatrist and Psychologist

493

(1)

Notes

493

(2)

Digital Forensics

495

(10)

Mark M. Pollitt

Introduction

495

(1)

What Is Digital Evidence?

495

(1)

A Brief History of Digital Forensics

496

(2)

Digital Evidence as a Process

498

(2)

Acquisition

500

(1)

Examination

500

(1)

Analysis

501

(1)

Presentation

501

(1)

The Future

502

(1)

Notes

502

(3)

Forensic Linguistics, Authorship Attribution, and Admissibility

505

(18)

Carole E. Chaski

Language, Metalinguistic Ability, and Linguistic Expertise

505

(1)

The Forensic Context

505

(1)

Linguistics: The Scientific Approach to Language

506

(2)

The Scope of Forensic Linguistics as an Application of Linguistics

508

(1)

Authorship Evidence and Expertise

509

(5)

Authorship Evidence and Admissibility Hearings

514

(4)

Appendix A

518

(1)

Linguistic Profiling

518

(1)

The Anthrax Letters: A Linguistic Analysis

519

(1)

Endnotes

520

(1)

References

521

(2)

Forensic Accounting

523

(18)

Kenneth C. McCrory

Introduction: The Role of the Forensic Accountant

523

(1)

The Difference between Accountants as Auditors and Forensic Accountants

524

(1)

What Forensic Accountants Bring to the Legal Process

524

(2)

Services the Forensic Accountant Provides

526

(12)

Business Damages

526

(3)

Fraud

529

(2)

Bankruptcy

531

(1)

Valuations

531

(2)

Divorce Proceedings

533

(1)

Personal Damages

534

(3)

Murder and Arson for Profit

537

(1)

How to Use Forensic Accountants

538

(1)

Conclusion

538

(1)

Reference

539

(2)

Forensic Economics in Instances of Wrongful Death and Injury

541

(20)

Matthew R. Marlin

Introduction to Forensic Economics

541

(1)

Economic Estimates and Valuation

542

(1)

Earning Capacity, Earnings, and Mitigating Earnings

543

(3)

Earning Capacity

543

(1)

Earnings

543

(2)

Mitigation

545

(1)

Fringe Benefits

546

(1)

Medical Insurance

547

(1)

Pension Plans

547

(1)

Social Security

548

(1)

Work Life, Retirement, and Life Expectancy

548

(3)

Work Life Expectancy

548

(2)

Retirement

550

(1)

Life Expectancy

551

(1)

Household Services

551

(3)

The Concept of Household Services

551

(1)

Hours Spent Producing Household Services

552

(1)

Hourly Value of Household Services

553

(1)

Personal Consumption or Maintenance

554

(1)

Present Value

555

(2)

The Concept of Present Value

555

(1)

The Appropriate Interest (Discount) Rate

556

(1)

Summary

557

(1)

Notes

558

(1)

Appendix A: Ethics and the Forensic Economist

559

(1)

National Association of Forensic Economics

559

(1)

Statement of Ethical Principles and Tenets of Practice

559

(2)

Forensic Engineering and Science

561

(16)

Steven C. Batterman

Scott D. Batterman

Introduction

561

(1)

Accident Reconstruction

562

(2)

Biomechanics of Injury

564

(2)

Engineering Failures

566

(3)

Tacoma Narrows Bridge, November 17, 1940

567

(1)

Kansas City Hyatt Regency Skywalk Collapse, July 17, 1981

567

(1)

Space Shuttle Failures Challenger Explosion, January 28, 1986, and Columbia Breakup, February 1, 2003

567

(1)

Collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) Towers, September 11, 2001; Remarks on the Murrah Federal Building, Oklahoma City, July 19, 1995

568

(1)

Products Liability

569

(1)

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

570

(1)

Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA)

570

(1)

Product Safety Audit (PSA)

570

(1)

Slips and Falls

570

(1)

Conclusion

571

(1)

Bibliography

572

(5)

Part V: Topics in the Practice of Forensic Science

Crime Scene Management

577

(16)

Henry C. Lee

Timothy M. Palmbach

Introduction

577

(1)

Crime Scene Management Components

577

(5)

Manpower Management

578

(2)

Evidence Management

580

(2)

Information Management

582

(4)

Information from Victims

583

(1)

Information from Witnesses

583

(1)

Information from Suspects

584

(1)

Information from Databases

584

(2)

Technology Management

586

(1)

Management of Logistics

587

(3)

Command Posts

587

(1)

Media Relations

588

(1)

Interagency Liaison

588

(1)

Resource Allocation

589

(1)

Technology/Procedures

589

(1)

Selecting an Appropriate Crime Scene Investigation Model

590

(3)

Traditional

590

(1)

Crime Scene Technicians

591

(1)

Scene-of-the-Crime/Major Crime Squad

591

(1)

Laboratory Based Crime Scene Scientists

591

(1)

Collaborative Team Approach

592

(1)

The Roles of Public Attorneys in the Practice of Forensic Science

593

(8)

Laura Ann Ditka

Michael J. Machen

The Role of the Prosecutor in the Practice of Forensic Science

593

(3)

Determination of Criminal Occurrence

593

(2)

Determination of Criminal Mechanism

595

(1)

Suspect Identification

596

(1)

The Role of the Public Defender in the Practice of Forensic Science

596

(3)

The Responsibility and Structure of a Public Defender's Office

596

(1)

Forensic Science in the Public Defender's Office

597

(1)

A Case Study in Forensic Consultation

598

(1)

Notes

599

(2)

Forensic and Legal Nursing

601

(28)

L. Kathleen Sekula

Ann Wolbert Burgess

Overview and History of Forensic Nursing

601

(3)

Guidelines for Practice

604

(1)

Practice/Specialty Areas

605

(16)

Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner

605

(2)

Pediatric Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner

607

(1)

Sexual Assault Response Team

607

(1)

Forensic Clinical Nurse Specialist

608

(1)

Forensic Psychiatric Nurse

609

(6)

Forensic Correctional Nurse

615

(2)

Nurse Coroner/Death Investigator

617

(1)

Legal Nurse Consultant/Nurse as Expert Witness/Nurse Attorney

618

(3)

Education

621

(1)

Research

622

(1)

Professional Organizations and Journals

623

(1)

References

623

(3)

Appendix A

626

(3)

Violence

626

(1)

Rape

627

(2)

Forensic Science and Public Health --- The Role of Enabling Statutes, Reporting Obligations, and Privacy Laws

629

(26)

Jack W. Snyder

Pennsylvania Enabling Statutes

631

(1)

Reporting of Diseases (Including Cancer)

632

(3)

Pennsylvania's Electronic Disease Reporting Project (PA-NEDSS)

634

(1)

PA-NEDSS Functionality

634

(1)

Reporting of Drugs

635

(1)

Reporting of Impaired Drivers

635

(2)

Impaired Vision

635

(1)

Epilepsy

636

(1)

Other Disqualifications

636

(1)

Reporting Procedure

637

(1)

Reporting of Errors

637

(1)

Reporting of Health Care Institutions and Practitioners

637

(1)

Reporting of Crimes and Criminal Activities

638

(3)

What Is a ``Reported'' Crime?

639

(1)

Compliance and Prevention

639

(2)

Reporting of Abortions

641

(1)

Reporting of Child Care and Abuse

641

(8)

Child Abuse Reporting Statutes

642

(7)

Public Health Surveillance Laws

649

(4)

The Clash between Compliance with Reporting Obligations and Compliance with Privacy Laws

653

(1)

References

654

(1)

Forensic Science and Public Health --- The Role of Forensic Epidemiology

655

(8)

Steven Koehler

Introduction

655

(1)

The Emergence of a New Science

656

(1)

Forensic Consulting

657

(1)

Expert Witnesses

657

(1)

Coroners'/Medical Examiners' Offices and Health Departments

658

(1)

Two Different Worlds

659

(1)

Examples of Forensic Epidemiology

659

(2)

Conclusion

661

(1)

References

661

(2)

Lawyers, Ethics, and the Forensic Professional

663

(12)

Mark D. Yochum

Introduction

663

(1)

Authority to Enforce Rules of Lawyers' Ethics against the Nonlawyer Forensic Professional

663

(4)

Issues with Respect to the Confidentiality of Information Learned in the Forensic Process

667

(3)

Conflicts of Interest

670

(2)

Fees

672

(3)

Index

675

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Forensic Science and Law: Investigative Applications in Criminal, Civil and Family Justice

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Table of Contents

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