Foundations of Aerodynamics Bases of Aerodynamic Design

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ISBN: 9780471129196 | 0471129194
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/16/1997

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Like previous editions, this text has retained it's excellent coverage of basic concepts and broad coverage of the major aspects of aerodynamics. Numerical techniques are described for computing invicid incompressible flow about airfoils and finite wings. Plus, the design of devices and aircraft components that were constructed from theoretical considerations are shown so readers can see the realistic applications of mathematical analyses.

Chapter 1 The Fluid Medium

(15)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Unit

(1)

1.3 Properties of Gases at Rest

(2)

1.4 Fluid Statics: The Standard Atmosphere

(2)

1.5 Fluids in Motion

(4)

1.6 Analogy between Viscosity and Other Transport Properties

(1)

1.7 Force on a Body Moving through a Fluid

(2)

1.8 The Approximate Formulation of Flow Problems

(1)

1.9 Outline of Chapters That Follow

(2)

Chapter 2 Kinematics of a Flow Field

(52)

2.1 Introduction: Fields

(1)

2.2 Vector Notation and Vector Algebra

(5)

2.3 Scalar Field, Directional Derivative, Gradient

(5)

2.4 Vector Field: Method of Description

(3)

2.5 Eulerian and Lagrangian Descriptions, Control Volume

(2)

2.6 Divergence of a Vector, Theorem of Gauss

(2)

2.7 Conservation of Mass and the Equation of Continuity

(3)

2.8 Stream Function in Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow

(6)

2.9 The Shear Derivatives: Rotation and Strain

(5)

2.10 Circulation, Curl of a Vector

(2)

2.11 Irrotational Flow

(1)

2.12 Theorem of Stokes

(2)

2.13 Velocity Potential

(4)

2.14 Point Vortex, Vortex Filament, Law of Biot and Savart

(2)

2.15 Helmholtz's Vortex Theorems

(2)

2.16 Vortices in Viscous Fluids

(7)

Chapter 3 Dynamics of Flow Fields

(25)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Acceleration of a Fluid Particle

(4)

3.3 Euler's Equation

(3)

3.4 Bernoulli's Equation for Irrotational Flow

(2)

3.5 Bernoulli's Equation for Rotational Flow

(2)

3.6 Applications of Bernoulli's Equation in Incompressible Flows

(2)

3.7 The Momentum Theorem of Fluid Mechanics

(12)

Chapter 4 Irrotational Incompressible Flow About Two-Dimensional Bodies

(39)

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions

(2)

4.3 Superposition of Flows

(1)

4.4 Source in a Uniform Flow

(3)

4.5 Flow Pattern of a Source-Sink Pair: Doublet

(2)

4.6 Flow about a Circular Cylinder in a Uniform Stream

101

(1)

4.7 Circulatory Flow about a Cylinder in a Uniform Stream

102

(2)

4.8 Force on a Cylinder with Circulation in a Uniform Steady Flow: The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem

104

(4)

4.9 Bound Vortex

108

(1)

4.10 Kutta Condition

108

(3)

4.11 Numerical Solution of Flow Past Two-Dimensional Symmetric Bodies

111

(4)

4.12 Aerodynamic Interference: Method of Images

115

(4)

4.13 The Method of Source Panels

119

(13)

Chapter 5 Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airfoils

132

(37)

5.1 Introduction

132

(2)

5.2 The Vortex Sheet

134

(2)

5.3 The Vortex Sheet in Thin-Airfoil Theory

136

(2)

5.4 Planar Wing

138

(1)

5.5 Properties of the Symmetrical Airfoil

138

(4)

5.6 Vorticity Distribution for the Cambered Airfoil

142

(2)

5.7 Properties of the Cambered Airfoil

144

(6)

5.8 The Flapped Airfoil

150

(4)

5.9 Numerical Solution of the Thin-Airfoil Problem

154

(2)

5.10 The Airfoil of Arbitrary Thickness and Camber

156

(8)

5.11 Summary

164

(5)

Chapter 6 The Finite Wing

169

(51)

6.1 Introduction

169

(1)

6.2 Flow Fields around Finite Wings

169

(3)

6.3 Downwash and Induced Drag

172

(2)

6.4 The Fundamental Equations of Finite-Wing Theory

174

(2)

6.5 The Elliptical Lift Distribution

176

(6)

6.6 Comparison with Experiment

182

(2)

6.7 The Arbitrary Circulation Distribution

184

(4)

6.8 The Twisted Wing: Basic and Additional Lift

188

(11)

6.9 Approximate Calculations of Additional Lift

199

(1)

6.10 Winglets

200

(2)

6.11 Other Characteristics of a Finite Wing

202

(1)

6.12 Stability and Trim of Wings

203

(3)

6.13 Higher Approximations

206

(1)

6.14 The Complete Airplane

207

(1)

6.15 Interference Effects

207

(3)

6.16 Concluding Remarks

210

(10)

Chapter 7 Introduction to Compressible Fluids

220

(5)

7.1 Scope

220

(1)

7.2 Equation of Continuity: Stream Function

221

(1)

7.3 Irrotationality: Velocity Potential

222

(1)

7.4 Equation of Equilibrium: Bernoulli's Equation

222

(1)

7.5 Criterion for Superposition of Compressible Flows

223

(2)

Chapter 8 Energy Relations

225

(21)

8.1 Introduction

225

(1)

8.2 Characteristics of an Ideal Gas: Equation of State

226

(3)

8.3 First Law of Thermodynamics

229

(3)

8.4 Steady Flow Energy Equation

232

(5)

8.5 Reversibility

237

(2)

8.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics

239

(2)

8.7 Bernoulli's Equation for Isentropic Compressible Flow

241

(1)

8.8 Static and Stagnation Values

242

(4)

Chapter 9 Some Applications of One-Dimensional Compressible Flow

246

(24)

9.1 Introduction

246

(1)

9.2 Speed of Sound

246

(4)

9.3 Flow Relations in Terms of Mach Number

250

(2)

9.4 Measurement of Flight Speed (Subsonic)

252

(1)

9.5 Isentropic One-Dimensional Flow

252

(3)

9.6 The Laval Nozzle

255

(4)

9.7 Supersonic Wind Tunnels

259

(2)

9.8 One-Dimensional Flow with Friction and Heat Addition

261

(2)

9.9 Heat Addition to a Constant-Area Duct

263

(7)

Chapter 10 Waves

270

(34)

10.1 Establishment of a Flow Field

270

(1)

10.2 Mach Waves

271

(3)

10.3 Large Amplitude Waves

274

(1)

10.4 Prandtl-Meyer Flow

275

(3)

10.5 Finite Compression Waves

278

(5)

10.6 The Characteristic Ratios as Functions of Mach Number

283

(3)

10.7 Normal Shock Wave

286

(1)

10.8 Plane Oblique Shock Waves

287

(2)

10.9 Conical Oblique Shock Waves

289

(2)

10.10 Shocks in Channels

291

(3)

10.11 Reflection of Waves

294

(3)

10.12 Flow Boundary Interference in Transonic and Supersonic Wind Tunnels

297

(7)

Chapter 11 Linearized Compressible Flow

304

(9)

11.1 Introduction

304

(1)

11.2 The Flow Equation

305

(1)

11.3 Flow Equation for Small Perturbations

306

(2)

11.4 Steady Supersonic Flows

308

(2)

11.5 Pressure Coefficient for Small Perturbations

310

(1)

11.6 Summary

311

(2)

Chapter 12 Airfoils in Compressible Flows

313

(19)

12.1 Introduction

313

(1)

12.2 Boundary Conditions

313

(2)

12.3 Airfoils in Subsonic Flow: Prandtl-Glauert Transformation

315

(3)

12.4 Critical Mach Number

318

(3)

12.5 Airfoils in Transonic Flow

321

(3)

12.6 Airfoils in Supersonic Flow

324

(8)

Chapter 13 Wings and Wing-Body Combinations in Compressible Flow

332

(25)

13.1 Introduction

332

(1)

13.2 Wings and Bodies in Compressible Flows: The Prandtl-Glauert-Goethert Transformation

332

(5)

13.3 Influence of Sweepback

337

(2)

13.4 Design Rules for Wing-Fuselage Combinations

339

(15)

13.5 Concluding Remarks

354

(3)

Chapter 14 The Dynamics of Viscous Fluids

357

(10)

14.1 Introduction

357

(1)

14.2 The No-Slip Condition

358

(1)

14.3 The Viscous Boundary Layer

358

(2)

14.4 Viscous Stresses

360

(1)

14.5 Boundary Layer Equation of Motion

361

(1)

14.6 Similarity in Incompressible Flows

362

(2)

14.7 Physical Interpretation of Reynolds Number

364

(3)

Chapter 15 Incompressible Laminar Flow in Tubes and Boundary Layers

367

(23)

15.1 Introduction

367

(1)

15.2 Laminar Flow in a Tube

367

(2)

15.3 Laminar Boundary Layer along a Flat Plate

369

(6)

15.4 Effect of Pressure Gradient: Flow Separation

375

(2)

15.5 Similarity in Boundary Layer Flows

377

(1)

15.6 The Karman Integral Relation

378

(4)

15.7 Laminar Flow Separation

382

(8)

Chapter 16 Laminar Boundary Layer in Compressible Flow

390

(23)

16.1 Introduction

390

(1)

16.2 Conservation of Energy in the Boundary Layer

391

(2)

16.3 Rotation and Entropy Gradient in the Boundary Layer

393

(1)

16.4 Similarity Considerations for Compressible Boundary Layers

394

(1)

16.5 Solutions of the Energy Equation for Prandtl Number Unity

395

(4)

16.6 Temperature Recovery Factor

399

(3)

16.7 Heat Transfer versus Skin Friction

402

(3)

16.8 Velocity and Temperature Profiles and Skin Friction

405

(2)

16.9 Effects of Pressure Gradient

407

(6)

Chapter 17 Flow Instabilities and Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow

413

(30)

17.1 Introduction

413

(1)

17.2 Gross Effects

414

(1)

17.3 Reynolds Experiment

415

(1)

17.4 Tollmien-Schlichting Instability and Transition

416

(5)

17.5 Factors Affecting Instability and Transition

421

(11)

17.6 Natural Laminar Flow and Laminar Flow Control

432

(1)

17.7 Stratified Flows

433

(2)

17.8 Stability of Vortex Sheets

435

(1)

17.9 The Transition Phenomenon

435

(1)

17.10 Methods for Experimentally Detecting Transition

436

(1)

17.11 Flow around Spheres and Circular Cylinders

437

(4)

17.12 Concluding Remarks

441

(2)

Chapter 18 Turbulent Flows

443

(43)

18.1 Introduction

443

(1)

18.2 Description of the Turbulent Field

443

(3)

18.3 Statistical Properties

446

(7)

18.4 The Conservation Equations

453

(2)

18.5 Laminar Sublayer

455

(2)

18.6 Fully Developed Flows in Tubes and Channels

457

(4)

18.7 Constant-Pressure Turbulent Boundary Layer

461

(7)

18.8 Turbulent Drag Reduction

468

(1)

18.9 Effects of Pressure Gradient

469

(3)

18.10 The Stratford Criterion for Turbulent Separation

472

(6)

19.11 Effects of Compressibility on Skin Friction

478

(1)

18.12 Reynolds Analogy: Heat Transfer and Temperature Recovery Factor

479

(1)

18.13 Free Turbulent Shear Flows

480

(6)

Chapter 19 Airfoil Design, Multiple Surfaces, Vortex Lift, Secondary Flows, Viscous Effects

486

(22)

19.1 Introduction

486

(1)

19.2 Airfoil Design for High c(l)(max)

486

(4)

19.3 Multiple Lifting Surfaces

490

(3)

19.4 Circulation Control

493

(1)

19.5 Streamwise Vorticity

493

(2)

19.6 Secondary Flows

495

(3)

19.7 Vortex Lift: Strakes

498

(3)

19.8 Flow about Three-Dimensional Bodies

501

(3)

19.9 Unsteady Lift

504

(4)

Appendix A Dimensional Analysis

508

(5)

Appendix B Derivation of Navier-Stokes and the Energy and Vorticity Equations

513

(18)

Tables

531

(23)

1. Conversion Factors between SI and British Units

531

(1)

2. Properties of Air and Water

532

(1)

3. Properties of the Standard Atmosphere

533

(1)

4. Flow Parameters versus M for Subsonic Flow and XXX = 1.4

534

(3)

5. Flow Parameters versus M for Supersonic Flow and XXX = 1.4

537

(9)

6. Parameters for Shock Flow (XXX = 1.4)

546

(7)

7. Thermal Properties of Air

553

(1)

Oblique Shock Chart

554

(1)

References

555

(8)

Index

563

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Foundations of Aerodynamics Bases of Aerodynamic Design

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials