Foundations Of Analog And Digital Electronic Circuits

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ISBN: 9781558607354 | 1558607358
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/18/2005

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"This landmark text presents the circuits foundations common to both the digital and analog domains, combining circuits and electronics into a single, unified treatment and establishing a strong connection with the contemporary world of digital systems. Developed at MIT to support a radical departure in how these disciplines are taught and perceived, the text seamlessly bridges physics, electronics, and computation. The insights the authors have gleaned over many years in developing and teaching the course are exactly attuned to the complex digital/analog requirements faced by contemporary designers."--BOOK JACKET.

Preface

xvii

Approach

xvii

Overview

xix

Course Organization

Acknowledgments

xxi

The Circuit Abstraction

(50)

The Power of Abstraction

(2)

The Lumped Circuit Abstraction

(4)

The Lumped Matter Discipline

(4)

Limitations of the Lumped Circuit Abstraction

(2)

Practical Two-Terminal Elements

(14)

Batteries

(2)

Linear Resistors

(7)

Associated Variables Convention

(4)

Ideal Two-Terminal Elements

(7)

Ideal Voltage Sources, Wires, and Resistors

(2)

Element Laws

(1)

The Current Source --- Another Ideal Two-Terminal Element

(3)

Modeling Physical Elements

(4)

Signal Representation

(6)

Analog Signals

(2)

Digital Signals --- Value Discretization

(3)

Summary and Exercises

(7)

Resistive Networks

(66)

Terminology

(1)

Kirchhoff's Laws

(11)

K C L

(4)

KVL

(6)

Circuit Analysis: Basic Method

(23)

Single-Resistor Circuits

(3)

Quick Intuitive Analysis of Single-Resistor Circuits

(1)

Energy Conservation

(2)

Voltage and Current Dividers

(11)

A More Complex Circuit

(5)

Intuitive Method of Circuit Analysis: Series and Parallel Simplification

(6)

More Circuit Examples

(3)

Dependent Sources and the Control Concept

(9)

Circuits with Dependent Sources

102

(5)

A Formulation Suitable for a Computer Solution

107

(1)

Summary and Exercises

108

(11)

Network Theorems

119

(74)

Introduction

119

(1)

The Node Voltage

119

(6)

The Node Method

125

(20)

Node Method: A Second Example

130

(5)

Floating Independent Voltage Sources

135

(4)

Dependent Sources and the Node Method

139

(6)

The Conductance and Source Matrices

145

(1)

Loop Method

145

(1)

Superposition

145

(12)

Superposition Rules for Dependent Sources

153

(4)

Thevenin's Theorem and Norton's Theorem

157

(20)

The Thevenin Equivalent Network

157

(10)

The Norton Equivalent Network

167

(4)

More Examples

171

(6)

Summary and Exercises

177

(16)

Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits

193

(50)

Introduction to Nonlinear Elements

193

(4)

Analytical Solutions

197

(6)

Graphical Analysis

203

(3)

Piecewise Linear Analysis

206

(8)

Improved Piecewise Linear Models for Nonlinear Elements

214

(1)

Incremental Analysis

214

(15)

Summary and Exercises

229

(14)

The Digital Abstraction

243

(42)

Voltage Levels and the Static Discipline

245

(11)

Boolean Logic

256

(2)

Combinational Gates

258

(3)

Standard Sum-of-Products Representation

261

(1)

Simplifying Logic Expressions

262

(5)

Number Representation

267

(7)

Summary and Exercises

274

(11)

The MOSFET Switch

285

(46)

The Switch

285

(3)

Logic Functions Using Switches

288

(1)

The MOSFET Device and Its S Model

288

(3)

MOSFET Switch Implementation of Logic Gates

291

(5)

Static Analysis Using the S Model

296

(4)

The SR Model of the MOSFET

300

(1)

Physical Structure of the MOSFET

301

(5)

Static Analysis Using the SR Model

306

(8)

Static Analysis of the NAND Gate Using the SR Model

311

(3)

Signal Restoration, Gain, and Nonlinearity

314

(6)

Signal Restoration and Gain

314

(3)

Signal Restoration and Nonlinearity

317

(1)

Buffer Transfer Characteristics and the Static Discipline

318

(1)

Inverter Transfer Characteristics and the Static Discipline

319

(1)

Power Consumption in Logic Gates

320

(1)

Active Pullups

321

(1)

Summary and Exercises

322

(9)

The MOSFET Amplifier

331

(74)

Signal Amplification

331

(1)

Review of Dependent Sources

332

(3)

Actual MOSFET Characteristics

335

(5)

The Switch-Current Source (SCS) MOSFET Model

340

(4)

The MOSFET Amplifier

344

(9)

Biasing the MOSFET Amplifier

349

(3)

The Amplifier Abstraction and the Saturation Discipline

352

(1)

Large-Signal Analysis of the MOSFET Amplifier

353

(12)

υIn Versus υOut in the Saturation Region

353

(3)

Valid Input and Output Voltage Ranges

356

(7)

Alternative Method for Valid Input and Output Voltage Ranges

363

(2)

Operating Point Selection

365

(21)

Switch Unified (SU) MOSFET Model

386

(3)

Summary and Exercises

389

(16)

The Small-Signal Model

405

(52)

Overview of the Nonlinear MOSFET Amplifier

405

(1)

The Small-Signal Model

405

(42)

Small-Signal Circuit Representation

413

(5)

Small-Signal Circuit for the MOSFET Amplifier

418

(2)

Selecting an Operating Point

420

(3)

Input and Output Resistance, Current and Power Gain

423

(24)

Summary and Exercises

447

(10)

Energy Storage Elements

457

(46)

Constitutive Laws

461

(9)

Capacitors

461

(5)

Inductors

466

(4)

Series and Parallel Connections

470

(3)

Capacitors

471

(1)

Inductors

472

(1)

Special Examples

473

(7)

MOSFET Gate Capacitance

473

(3)

Wiring Loop Inductance

476

(1)

IC Wiring Capacitance and Inductance

477

(1)

Transformers

478

(2)

Simple Circuit Examples

480

(9)

Sinusoidal Inputs

482

(1)

Step Inputs

482

(6)

Impulse Inputs

488

(1)

Role Reversal

489

(1)

Energy, Charge, and Flux Conservation

489

(3)

Summary and Exercises

492

(11)

First-Order Transients in Linear Electrical Networks

503

(92)

Analysis of RC Circuits

504

(13)

Parallel RC Circuit, Step Input

504

(5)

RC Discharge Transient

509

(2)

Series RC Circuit, Step Input

511

(4)

Series RC Circuit, Square-Wave Input

515

(2)

Analysis of RL Circuits

517

(3)

Series RL Circuit, Step Input

517

(3)

Intuitive Analysis

520

(5)

Propagation Delay and the Digital Abstraction

525

(13)

Definitions of Propagation Delays

527

(2)

Computing tpd from the SRC MOSFET Model

529

(9)

State and State Variables

538

(7)

The Concept of State

538

(2)

Computer Analysis Using the State Equation

540

(1)

Zero-Input and Zero-State Response

541

(3)

Solution by Integrating Factors

544

(1)

Additional Examples

545

(16)

Effect of Wire Inductance in Digital Circuits

545

(1)

Ramp Inputs and Linearity

545

(5)

Response of an RC Circuit to Short Pulses and the Impulse Response

550

(3)

Intuitive Method for the Impulse Response

553

(1)

Clock Signals and Clock Fanout

554

(4)

RC Response to Decaying Exponential

558

(1)

Series RL Circuit with Sine-Wave Input

558

(3)

Digital Memory

561

(7)

The Concept of Digital State

561

(1)

An Abstract Digital Memory Element

562

(1)

Design of the Digital Memory Element

563

(4)

A Static Memory Element

567

(1)

Summary and Exercises

568

(27)

Energy and Power in Digital Circuits

595

(30)

Power and Energy Relations for a Simple RC Circuit

595

(2)

Average Power in an RC Circuit

597

(7)

Energy Dissipated During Interval T1

599

(2)

Energy Dissipated During Interval T2

601

(2)

Total Energy Dissipated

603

(1)

Power Dissipation in Logic Gates

604

(7)

Static Power Dissipation

604

(1)

Total Power Dissipation

605

(6)

NMOS Logic

611

(1)

CMOS Logic

611

(7)

CMOS Logic Gate Design

616

(2)

Summary and Exercises

618

(7)

Transients in Second-Order Circuits

625

(78)

Undriven LC Circuit

627

(13)

Undriven, Series RLC Circuit

640

(11)

Under-Damped Dynamics

644

(4)

Over-Damped Dynamics

648

(1)

Critically-Damped Dynamics

649

(2)

Stored Energy in Transient, Series RLC Circuit

651

(3)

Undriven, Parallel RLC Circuit

654

(1)

Under-Damped Dynamics

654

(1)

Over-Damped Dynamics

654

(1)

Critically-Damped Dynamics

654

(1)

Driven, Series RLC Circuit

654

(24)

Step Response

657

(4)

Impulse Response

661

(17)

Driven, Parallel RLC Circuit

678

(1)

Step Response

678

(1)

Impulse Response

678

(1)

Intuitive Analysis of Second-Order Circuits

678

(6)

Two-Capacitor or Two-Inductor Circuits

684

(5)

State-Variable Method

689

(2)

State-Space Analysis

691

(1)

Numerical Solution

691

(1)

Higher-Order Circuits

691

(1)

Summary and Exercises

692

(11)

Sinusoidal Steady State: Impedance and Frequency Response

703

(74)

Introduction

703

(3)

Analysis Using Complex Exponential Drive

706

(6)

Homogeneous Solution

706

(1)

Particular Solution

707

(3)

Complete Solution

710

(1)

Sinusoidal Steady-State Response

710

(2)

The Boxes: Impedance

712

(19)

Example: Series RL Circuit

718

(4)

Example: Another RC Circuit

722

(2)

Example: RC Circuit with Two Capacitors

724

(5)

Example: Analysis of Small Signal Amplifier with Capacitive Load

729

(2)

Frequency Response: Magnitude and Phase versus Frequency

731

(11)

Frequency Response of Capacitors, Inductors, and Resistors

732

(5)

Intuitively Sketching the Frequency Response of RC and RL Circuits

737

(4)

The Bode Plot: Sketching the Frequency Response of General Functions

741

(1)

Filters

742

(9)

Filter Design Example: Crossover Network

744

(2)

Decoupling Amplifier Stages

746

(5)

Time Domain versus Frequency Domain Analysis using Voltage-Divider Example

751

(6)

Frequency Domain Analysis

751

(3)

Time Domain Analysis

754

(2)

Comparing Time Domain and Frequency Domain Analyses

756

(1)

Power and Energy in an Impedance

757

(8)

Arbitrary Impedance

758

(2)

Pure Resistance

760

(1)

Pure Reactance

761

(2)

Example: Power in an RC Circuit

763

(2)

Summary and Exercises

765

(12)

Sinusoidal Steady State: Resonance

777

(60)

Parallel RLC, Sinusoidal Response

777

(6)

Homogeneous Solution

778

(2)

Particular Solution

780

(1)

Total Solution for the Parallel RLC Circuit

781

(2)

Frequency Response for Resonant Systems

783

(18)

The Resonant Region of the Frequency Response

792

(9)

Series RLC

801

(7)

The Bode Plot for Resonant Functions

808

(1)

Filter Examples

808

(8)

Band-pass Filter

809

(1)

Low-pass Filter

810

(4)

High-pass Filter

814

(1)

Notch Filter

815

(1)

Stored Energy in a Resonant Circuit

816

(5)

Summary and Exercises

821

(16)

The Operational Amplifier Abstraction

837

(68)

Introduction

837

(2)

Historical Perspective

838

(1)

Device Properties of the Operational Amplifier

839

(3)

The Op Amp Model

839

(3)

Simple Op Amp Circuits

842

(7)

The Non-Inverting Op Amp

842

(2)

A Second Example: The Inverting Connection

844

(2)

Sensitivity

846

(1)

A Special Case: The Voltage Follower

847

(1)

An Additional Constraint: υ+ -- υ- ~ 0

848

(1)

Input and Output Resistances

849

(8)

Output Resistance, Inverting Op Amp

849

(2)

Input Resistance, Inverting Connection

851

(2)

Input and Output R For Non-Inverting Op Amp

853

(2)

Generalization on Input Resistance

855

(1)

Example: Op Amp Current Source

855

(2)

Additional Examples

857

(2)

Adder

858

(1)

Subtracter

858

(1)

Op Amp RC Circuits

859

(7)

Op Amp Integrator

859

(3)

Op Amp Differentiator

862

(1)

An RC Active Filter

863

(2)

The RC Active Filter---Impedance Analysis

865

(1)

Sallen-Key Filter

866

(1)

Op Amp in Saturation

866

(3)

Op Amp Integrator in Saturation

867

(2)

Positive Feedback

869

(3)

RC Oscillator

869

(3)

Two-Ports

872

(1)

Summary and Exercises

873

(32)

Diodes

905

(22)

Introduction

905

(1)

Semiconductor Diode Characteristics

905

(3)

Analysis of Diode Circuits

908

(4)

Method of Assumed States

908

(4)

Nonlinear Analysis with RL and RC

912

(6)

Peak Detector

912

(3)

Example: Clamping Circuit

915

(3)

A Switched Power Supply using a Diode

918

(1)

Additional Examples

918

(1)

Piecewise Linear Example: Clipping Circuit

918

(1)

Exponentiation Circuit

918

(1)

Piecewise Linear Example: Limiter

918

(1)

Example: Full-Wave Diode Bridge

918

(1)

Incremental Example: Zener-Diode Regulator

918

(1)

Incremental Example: Diode Attenuator

918

(1)

Summary and Exercises

919

(8)

Appendix A Maxwell's Equations and the Lumped Matter Discipline

927

(14)

The Lumped Matter Discipline

927

(7)

The First Constraint of the Lumped Matter Discipline

927

(3)

The Second Constraint of the Lumped Matter Discipline

930

(2)

The Third Constraint of the Lumped Matter Discipline

932

(1)

The Lumped Matter Discipline Applied to Circuits

933

(1)

Deriving Kirchhoff's Laws

934

(2)

Deriving the Resistance of a Piece of Material

936

(5)

Appendix B Trigonometric Functions and Identities

941

(6)

Negative Arguments

941

(1)

Phase-Shifted Arguments

942

(1)

Sum and Difference Arguments

942

(1)

Products

943

(1)

Half-Angle and Twice-Angle Arguments

943

(1)

Squares

943

(1)

Miscellaneous

943

(1)

Taylor Series Expansions

944

(1)

Relations to ejθ

944

(3)

Appendix C Complex Numbers

947

(10)

Magnitude and Phase

947

(1)

Polar Representation

948

(1)

Addition and Subtraction

949

(1)

Multiplication and Division

949

(1)

Complex Conjugate

950

(1)

Properties of ejθ

951

(1)

Rotation

951

(1)

Complex Functions of Time

952

(1)

Numerical Examples

952

(5)

Appendix D Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations

957

(2)

Answers to Selected Problems

959

(12)

Figure Credits

971

(2)

Index

973

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Foundations Of Analog And Digital Electronic Circuits

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials