Freedom of Speech

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ISBN: 9780199244515 | 0199244510
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/13/2005

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This is a fully revised and updated new edition of the classic work first published in 1985. There have been many important developments since the first edition including the impact of the European Human Rights Convention. Social and cultural changes mean that free speech claims are being made in novel contexts. Barendt considers the meaning and scope of freedom of speech and examines the varied approaches of different legal systems and constitutional traditions to balancing free speech and freedom of the press against rights to reputation and privacy, and to copyright.

A Note on Abbreviations

xvii

Table of United Kingdom Cases

xix

Table of United States Cases

xxiv

Table of German Cases

xxxi

Table of Decisions of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights

xxxiii

Cases from Other Jurisdictions

xxxvi

I. Why Protect Free Speech?

(38)

1. Introduction

(5)

2. Four Arguments for a Free Speech Principle

(17)

(i) Arguments concerned with the importance of discovering truth

(6)

(ii) Free speech as an aspect of self-fulfillment

(5)

(iii) The argument from citizen participation in a democracy

(3)

(iv) Suspicion of government

(2)

3. Free Speech Interests

(7)

(i) The speaker's interest in communicating ideas and information

(2)

(ii) The audience interest in receiving ideas and information

(2)

(iii) The bystanders' (or public) interest in speech

(3)

4. Freedom of Speech and Other Values

(6)

(i) Hate speech, dignity; and equality

(3)

(ii) Pluralism and freedom of speech

(2)

5. The Constitutional Protection of Free Speech

(3)

II. Free Speech in Liberal Legal Systems

(35)

1. England

(9)

(i) Common law

(2)

(ii) The Human Rights Act 1998

(3)

(iii) Free speech cases after the Human Rights Act 1998

(3)

2. United States of America

(7)

3. Canada

(4)

4. Germany

(5)

5. The European Human Rights Convention

(3)

6. Other Jurisdictions

(7)

(i) France

(3)

(ii) Italy

(1)

(iii) Australia

(3)

III. The Scope of Freedom of Speech

(43)

1. Introduction

(4)

2. Speech and Conduct

(10)

(i) General issues

(6)

(ii) Flag desecration

(2)

(iii) Nude dancing and sexually explicit conduct

(1)

(iv) Conclusions

(1)

3. Speech and Money

(5)

(i) General issues

(3)

(ii) Corporate speech

(2)

4. Rights Not to Speak

(5)

5. Language Rights

(2)

6. What Type of Freedom?

100

(8)

(i) Preliminary issues

100

(4)

(ii) Only a narrow liberty?

104

(4)

7. Access to Information

108

(4)

8. Freedom of Speech and Government Subsidies

112

(5)

IV. Prior Restraints

117

(37)

1. The Varieties and Vices of Prior Restraints

118

(11)

(i) The distinction between prior restraints and penal sanctions

118

(4)

(ii) The principal features of classic prior restraints

122

(2)

(iii) Judicial prior restraints

124

(4)

(iv) Conclusions

128

(1)

2. Theatre, Film, and Video Censorship

129

(7)

3. Official Secrets and Confidential Information

136

(9)

4. Contempt of Court and Permits for Meetings

145

(6)

(i) Contempt of court

145

(3)

(ii) Permits for meetings

148

(3)

5. Private Censorship

151

(3)

V. Political Speech

154

(44)

1. Introduction

154

(1)

2. The Preferred Position of Political Speech

155

(7)

3. Sedition and Related Offences

162

(8)

4. Racist Hate Speech

170

(16)

(i) Arguments of principle

170

(7)

(ii) Hate speech laws

177

(9)

5. Blasphemy and Incitement to Religious Hatred

186

(6)

(i) The common law of blasphemy

186

(3)

(ii) Religious hatred laws and freedom of speech

189

(3)

6. Disclosure of Official Secrets

192

(6)

(i) General principles

192

(3)

(ii) Official secrets laws

195

(3)

VI. Libel and Invasion of Privacy

198

(49)

1. Introduction

198

(1)

2. Is Defamation 'Speech'?

199

(6)

3. Balancing Free Speech and Reputation

205

(22)

(i) The United States

206

(5)

(ii) Australia and New Zealand

211

(2)

(iii) Germany

213

(6)

(iv) England

219

(3)

(v) The European Convention on Human Rights

222

(3)

(vi) Conclusions on balancing in libel cases

225

(2)

4. Insults and Satire

227

(3)

5. Privacy and Free Speech

230

(17)

(i) Introduction

230

(2)

(ii) Publication of confidential information

232

(3)

(iii) Revealing personal identity

235

(2)

(iv) Publication of photographs

237

(3)

(v) Presenting the claimant in a false light

240

(1)

(vi) The privacy of politicians and other public figures

241

(3)

(vii) Conclusions on balancing in privacy cases

244

(3)

VII. Copyright and Other Property Rights

247

(21)

1. Introduction

247

(1)

2. Why is Copyright Immune from Free Speech Scrutiny?

248

(6)

(i) Doctrinal arguments

248

(3)

(ii) Historical arguments

251

(2)

(iii) Copyright is a property right

253

(1)

3. Free Speech Coverage of Copyright Infringement

254

(6)

(i) General arguments for coverage

254

(2)

(ii) The free speech interests of infringers

256

(3)

(iii) Deference to copyright legislation

259

(1)

4. Balancing Copyright and Freedom of Speech

260

(3)

5. Trade Mark and Publicity Rights

263

(5)

(i) Trade marks and the Gay Olympics case

263

(2)

(ii) Publicity rights

265

(3)

VIII. Meetings, Protest, and Public Order

268

(44)

1. Introduction

268

(2)

2. The Right to Assemble and Freedom of Speech

270

(3)

3. Access to Streets and Other Public Fora

273

(17)

(i) Theoretical issues

273

(3)

(ii) Traditional public fora: streets, open spaces, and public halls

276

(5)

(iii) New public fora for speech and assembly

281

(5)

(iv) Freedom of speech on private property

286

(3)

(v) Conclusions

289

(1)

4. Public Order

290

(16)

(i) General principles

290

(5)

(ii) Inflammatory and offensive speech

295

(7)

(iii) The problem of the hostile audience

302

(4)

5. Notice and Buffer-Zone Requirements

306

(6)

(i) Notice requirements

306

(2)

(ii) Buffer zones to regulate anti-abortion protest

308

(4)

IX. Free Speech and the Judicial Process

312

(40)

1. Introduction

312

(4)

2. Attacks on the Judiciary

316

(6)

3. Prejudice to Legal Proceedings

322

(16)

(i) Arguments of principle

323

(5)

(ii) Legal restrictions on prejudicial publicity

328

(3)

(iii) Alternatives to contempt of court proceedings

331

(3)

(iv) The law in the United States

334

(2)

(v) Balancing free speech and the administration of justice

336

(2)

4. Open Justice

338

(14)

(i) Arguments of principle

338

(4)

(ii) Access to the courts

342

(4)

(iii) Televising court proceedings

346

(3)

(iv) Reporting restrictions

349

(3)

X. Pornography

352

(40)

1. Introduction

352

(3)

2. Is Pornography 'Speech'?

355

(8)

(i) Arguments of principle

355

(6)

(ii) Pornography which falls outside 'speech'

361

(2)

3. Obscenity and the Moral Tone of Society

363

(7)

4. Specific Harms

370

(11)

(i) Introduction

370

(1)

(ii) The character of the harm

371

(2)

(iii) Sexual crimes

373

(1)

(iv) Harm to children

374

(4)

(v) Harm to women

378

(3)

(vi) Conclusions

381

(1)

5. Pornography, the Arts, and Learning

381

(4)

6. Pornography and Offensiveness

385

(7)

XI. Commercial Speech

392

(25)

1. Introduction

392

(3)

2. What is Commercial Speech?

395

(4)

3. Should Commercial Speech be Covered by Free Speech Clauses?

399

(7)

(i) Introduction

399

(2)

(ii) The interest of consumers in commercial information

401

(1)

(iii) The public interest in the free flow of commercial information

402

(1)

(iv) Paternalism

403

(1)

(v) Conclusions

404

(2)

4. The Regulation of Advertising

406

(7)

(i) General principles

406

(3)

(ii) Restrictions on professional advertising

409

(3)

(iii) Disclosure requirements

412

(1)

5. Tobacco Advertising

413

(4)

XII. Freedom of Speech in the Media

417

(34)

1. Introduction

417

(2)

2. Press Freedom and Free Speech

419

(8)

(i) Three perspectives on press freedom

419

(6)

(ii) Editorial freedom

425

(2)

3. The Implications of a Distinct Press and Media Freedom

427

(14)

(i) Taxation and the media

427

(2)

(ii) Competition law and the media

429

(5)

(iii) Press rights of access to information

434

(1)

(iv) Privilege not to disclose sources of information

435

(6)

4. Whose Right to Press and Media Freedom?

441

(3)

5. Freedom of Speech and Broadcasting

444

(5)

6. Conclusions

449

(2)

XIII. Freedom of Speech and the Internet

451

(24)

1. Introduction

451

(4)

2. How Should the Internet be Treated?

455

(3)

(i) Rejection of the analogy with broadcasting

455

(1)

(ii) Similar, but not identical, to the press

455

(1)

(iii) The Internet is not a public forum

456

(2)

3. Pornography on the Internet

458

(5)

(i) The application of obscenity laws

458

(1)

(ii) The protection of children

459

(2)

(iii) Indecent images of children on the Internet

461

(2)

4. Defamation and the Internet

463

(5)

(i) General principles

463

(1)

(ii) The immunity of Internet service providers

464

(2)

(iii) Wider defences for individuals?

466

(2)

5. The Problems of Global Communication

468

(7)

(i) Introduction

468

(1)

(ii) The appropriate forum for the regulation of Internet communications

469

(2)

(iii) Enforcement of judgments

471

(1)

(iv) Legal and technical solutions to the regulation of global communications

472

(3)

XIV. Freedom of Speech in Special Contexts

475

(32)

1. Introduction

475

(1)

2. Election Campaigns

476

(10)

(i) Limits on expenditure and contributions

476

(8)

(ii) Other issues

484

(2)

3. Free Speech in Employment

486

(10)

(i) Preliminary issues

486

(3)

(ii) Balancing the interests of employees and employers

489

(5)

(iii) Speech by members of the armed forces

494

(2)

4. Free Speech in Education

496

(6)

(i) Introduction

496

(1)

(ii) The free speech rights of students and teachers

497

(3)

(iii) Free speech in universities

500

(2)

5. Free Speech and Prisoners

502

(5)

Select Bibliography

507

(6)

Index

513

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Freedom of Speech

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials