French Intellectuals And Politics From The

This volume traces the political positions adopted by French writers and artists from the end of the nineteenth century to the Liberation. Drawing on a wide range of primary and secondary sources, it offers a clear and accessible analysis of the intellectuals' engagement with nationalism, pacifism, communism, anti-communism, surrealism, fascism and anti-fascism, which is located within the evolving national and international context of the period.

David Drake is Principal Lecturer in French at Middlesex University. He is President of the UK Society for Sartrean Studies and is a member of the editorial board of Modern and Contemporary France.

Acknowledgements

ix

Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations

xi

Introduction

1

(7)

1. The Dreyfus Affair and the Birth of the 'Intellectuals'

8

(27)

Fin-de-siècle France

9

(3)

The Case of Alfred Dreyfus (1894-98)

12

(9)

The birth of the 'intellectuals'

21

(2)

Dreyfusard and anti-Dreyfusard intellectuals

23

(9)

The ligues and Action française

32

(1)

The Dreyfus Affair: from Zola's trial to the Bloc républicain

33

(2)

2. From 'Republican Defence' to Defence of the Patrie

35

(32)

Waldeck-Rousseau and the defence of the Republic: Émile Combes and the Republic on the offensive

35

(2)

Georges Sorel, socialism, the Dreyfus Affair and the 'Dreyfusard revolution'

37

(2)

Charles Péguy, the socialists, the Dreyfus Affair and the 'Dreyfusard revolution'

39

(4)

Socialism, nationalism, internationalism and a new threat of war?

43

(1)

The rise of Action française

43

(3)

Péguy's nationalism

46

(2)

Péguy, Daniel Halévy and Sorel's views of the Dreyfus Affair

48

(3)

Intellectuals and the defence of the homeland (défence de la patrie)

51

(1)

The union sacrée (sacred union)

52

(9)

Romain Rolland: 'Au-dessus de la mêlée' (Above the Mêelée)

61

(6)

3. The 1920's: French Intellectuals and Pacifism, Communism, Surrealism and Nationalism

67

(36)

France: victorious but at what price?

67

(2)

Pacifism and revolution

69

(15)

From Dada to surrealism

84

(3)

Surrealism

87

(9)

Nationalism

96

(5)

Julien Benda and La Trahison des clercs (The Betrayal of the Clerisy)

101

(2)

4. Fascism, Anti-fascism, Communism, Anti-communism and Pacifism

103

(46)

The Stavisky scandal and the night of 6 February 1934

105

(2)

French intellectuals and the USSR 1930-34

107

(6)

French communism and the intellectuals 1930-34

113

(5)

The years 1934-36: French fascism

118

(6)

The years 1934-36: French anti-fascism

124

(18)

From Popular Front to the Munich Agreement

142

(2)

September 1938: the Munich Agreement

144

(4)

August 1939: the Nazi-Soviet pact

148

(1)

5. The Occupation 1940-44: Collaborationism, Collaboration and Resistance

149

(38)

September 1939 June 1940: from the Phoney War to defeat

149

(3)

Intellectuals and the defeat of 1940

152

(2)

Intellectuals and collaboration 1940-42

154

(10)

Intellectuals and the Resistance 1940-42

164

(8)

Intellectuals and collaboration 1942-44

172

(4)

Intellectuals and the Resistance 1942-44

176

(11)

Notes

187

(15)

Select Bibliography

202

(5)

Index

207

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French Intellectuals And Politics From The Dreyfus Affair To The Occupation

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials