From Hellgill to Bridge End Aspects of

A comparative study of the effects of local, regional, and national changes on nine parishes in Britain's Upper Eden Valley during the Victorian period, this book reveals demographic trends among the parishes of Appleby, Brough, and Kirkby Stephen and six surrounding parishes over six censuses.

Margaret E. Shepherd is a historical geographer and a research fellow at Wolfson College.

List of Figures

xi

List of Tables

xiii

General Editor's Preface

xv

Acknowledgements

xix

1 Introduction

1

(38)

The transformation of the national economy

1

(8)

Core and periphery relations

9

(2)

Modernisation

11

(2)

Regions

13

(11)

Cumbria: the region

15

(7)

Westmorland

22

(2)

The study area

24

(11)

Historical background

28

(6)

The towns and villages

34

(1)

Sources

35

(4)

The census enumerations

35

(1)

Other sources

36

(1)

Methodology

37

(2)

2 The Economy of north Westmorland

39

(74)

The Cumbrian economy

40

(5)

The local economy

45

(6)

The local occupational structure

51

(14)

The towns: Appleby (with Bongate), Kirkby Stephen and Brough

55

(1)

The towns: agriculture

55

(1)

The towns: trade

55

(4)

The towns: craft occupations

59

(3)

The towns: professional occupations and services

62

(1)

The towns: transport and unskilled occupations

63

(1)

The towns: conclusion

64

(1)

The leadmining villages: Dufton, Hilton and Murton

65

(6)

The agricultural villages: Crosby Garrett, Soulby and Warcop

71

(5)

Dispersed population townships: Stainmore and Mallerstang

76

(4)

Local economy: conclusion

80

(1)

Special topics

81

(29)

Independent, retired, paupers and workhouse inmates

81

(4)

Children in occupations

85

(6)

Female occupations

91

(5)

Females occupations in the local area

96

(10)

Female occupations: conclusion

106

(1)

Dual or multi-occupations

107

(2)

Dual or multi-occupations: conclusion

109

(1)

Indicators of change

109

(1)

Conclusion

110

(3)

3 The Agricultural Economy

113

(61)

Landownership

119

(11)

Customary tenure

120

(2)

Tithe Awards

122

(4)

The Return of Owners of Land & the 1910 Land Tax Valuation books

126

(4)

Farms, farmers and farm workers

130

(25)

Farms and farm sizes

130

(6)

Men and women on the land

136

(18)

Continuity of farm occupancy

154

(1)

Land use

155

(17)

Conclusion

172

(2)

4 Transport and Communications

174

(50)

Regional water transport

175

(5)

Regional road transport

180

(2)

Roads and the Turnpike Trusts

182

(6)

Coach and carrier services

188

(9)

Regional Railways

197

(2)

Railways in the Upper Eden Valley

199

(21)

The workers

211

(7)

The end of the works

218

(2)

Conclusion

220

(4)

5 The changing community: social and cultural life

224

(59)

Literacy, education and schools

227

(15)

Literacy

228

(3)

Schools and schooling

231

(11)

Religion

242

(11)

The religious census of 1851 & religious affiliations in the area

246

(1)

Nonconformity in the Upper Eden Valley

247

(1)

Church and chapel life

248

(5)

Co-operative and Friendly Societies

253

(7)

Freemasonry in the Upper Eden Valley

260

(2)

The Temperance movement

262

(4)

Sociability and entertainment

266

(7)

Sport

270

(3)

Tourism

273

(2)

Traditional and other customs

275

(2)

Administration and control

277

(4)

Conclusion

281

(2)

6 Migration

283

(53)

The regional picture

286

(3)

Regional migration

289

(5)

The nine parishes: lifetime migration

294

(4)

Family migration paths

296

(2)

Birthplaces in England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales

298

(4)

Lifetime migration for sample occupations

302

(13)

Agriculture

302

(4)

The extractive industry

306

(1)

Female domestic servants

307

(3)

Trade

310

(1)

Professional occupations

310

(2)

Railway construction workers

312

(2)

Conclusion

314

(1)

Family migration paths

315

(8)

The local population

315

(6)

Family migration paths among the railway builders

321

(2)

Migration 1851-1891 by inter-censal linkage

323

(5)

Results of linkage

324

(2)

Social mobility

326

(2)

Out-migration

328

(6)

Conclusion

334

(2)

7 Conclusion

336

(9)

Appendix

345

(2)

Bibliography

347

(18)

Index

365

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From Hellgill to Bridge End Aspects of Economic and Social Change in the Upper Eden Valley Circa 1840–1895

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

FREE SHIPPING

Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

From Hellgill to Bridge End Aspects of Economic and Social Change in the Upper Eden Valley Circa 1840–1895

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

Digital License