Fuel Cell Science and Engineering, 2 Volume Set Materials, Processes, Systems and Technology
, by Stolten, Detlef; Emonts, Bernd
- ISBN: 9783527330126 | 3527330127
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 5/21/2012
Uniting fifty of the most prominent and renowned academic, government and industry researchers with the aim of developing commercial concepts, this handbook explores mature, evolving technologies for a clean, economically viable alternative to non-renewable energy. In so doing, it also covers such broader topics as the environmental impact, education and regulatory developments, examining the technologies currently available, materials and production processes, modeling and simulation as well as public awareness.
Prof. Detlef Stolten is the Director of the Institute of Energy Research - Fuel Cells at the Research Center J?lich, Germany. Prof Stolten received his doctorate from the University of Technology at Clausthal, Germany. He served many years as a Research Scientist in the laboratories of Robert Bosch and Daimler Benz/Dornier. Since 1998 he has been holding the position of Director at the Research Center J?lich. Two years later he became Professor for Fuel Cell Technology at the University of Technology (RWTH) at Aachen. Prof. Stolten's
research focuses on electrochemical energy engineering including electrochemistry and energy process engineering of Electrolysis, SOFC and PEFC systems, i.e. cell and stack technology, process and systems engineering as well as systems analysis. Prof. Stolten is Chairman of the Implementing Agreement Advanced Fuel Cells, member of the board of the International Association of Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) and
is on the advisory boards of the German National Organization of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (NOW), and the journal Fuel Cells. He was chairman of the World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2010 (WHEC 2010).
Dr. Bernd Emonts is the Deputy Director of the Institute of Energy Research at the J?lich Research Center, Germany. He received his diploma in structural engineering from the Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Germany, in 1981. He went on to specialize in the fundamentals
of mechanical engineering at RWTH Aachen University, Germany and was awarded his PhD in 1989. Working as a scientist, Dr. Emonts
has been involved in extensive research and development projects in the areas of catalytic combustion and energy systems with low-temperature fuel cells. Between 1991 and 1994, he concurrently worked as an R & D advisor for a German industrial enterprise in the drying and coating technologies sector. In addition to his scientific activities at J?lich Research Center, Germany, Dr. Emonts lectured at Aachen University of Applied Sciences from 1999 to 2008. Dr. Emonts has published extensively in the field of Fuel Cells.
research focuses on electrochemical energy engineering including electrochemistry and energy process engineering of Electrolysis, SOFC and PEFC systems, i.e. cell and stack technology, process and systems engineering as well as systems analysis. Prof. Stolten is Chairman of the Implementing Agreement Advanced Fuel Cells, member of the board of the International Association of Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) and
is on the advisory boards of the German National Organization of Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (NOW), and the journal Fuel Cells. He was chairman of the World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2010 (WHEC 2010).
Dr. Bernd Emonts is the Deputy Director of the Institute of Energy Research at the J?lich Research Center, Germany. He received his diploma in structural engineering from the Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Germany, in 1981. He went on to specialize in the fundamentals
of mechanical engineering at RWTH Aachen University, Germany and was awarded his PhD in 1989. Working as a scientist, Dr. Emonts
has been involved in extensive research and development projects in the areas of catalytic combustion and energy systems with low-temperature fuel cells. Between 1991 and 1994, he concurrently worked as an R & D advisor for a German industrial enterprise in the drying and coating technologies sector. In addition to his scientific activities at J?lich Research Center, Germany, Dr. Emonts lectured at Aachen University of Applied Sciences from 1999 to 2008. Dr. Emonts has published extensively in the field of Fuel Cells.
VOLUME 1
List of Contributors XIX
Part I Technology 1
1 Technical Advancement of Fuel-Cell Research and Development 3
Bernd Emonts, Ludger Blum, Thomas Grube, Werner Lehnert, Jürgen Mergel, Martin Müller, and Ralf Peters
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Representative Research Findings for SOFCs 4
1.3 Representative Research Findings for HT-PEFCs 11
1.4 Representative Research Findings for DMFCs 12
1.5 Application and Demonstration in Transportation 17
1.6 Fuel Cells for Stationary Applications 24
1.7 Special Markets for Fuel Cells 26
1.8 Marketable Development Results 27
1.9 Conclusion 30
References 32
2 Single-Chamber Fuel Cells 43
Têko W. Napporn and Melanie Kuhn
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 SC-SOFCs 44
2.3 SC-SOFC Systems 50
2.4 Applications of SC-SOFCs Systems 60
2.5 Conclusion 61
References 61
3 Technology and Applications of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 67
Barbara Bosio, Elisabetta Arato, and Paolo Greppi
3.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells overview 67
3.2 Analysis of MCFC Technology 76
3.3 Conventional and Innovative Applications 86
3.4 Conclusion 90
List of Symbols 91
References 92
4 Alkaline Fuel Cells 97
Erich Gülzow
4.1 Historical Introduction and Principle 97
4.2 Concepts of Alkaline Fuel-Cell Design Concepts 99
4.3 Electrolytes and Separators 113
4.4 Degradation 114
4.5 Carbon Dioxide Behavior 123
4.6 Conclusion 126
References 126
5 Micro Fuel Cells 131
Ulf Groos and Dietmar Gerteisen
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Physical Principles of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 132
5.3 Types of Micro Fuel Cells 134
5.4 Materials and Manufacturing 137
5.5 GDL Optimization 138
5.6 Conclusion 142
References 143
6 Principles and Technology of Microbial Fuel Cells 147
Jan B.A. Arends, Joachim Desloover, Sebastiá Puig, and Willy Verstraete
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Materials and Methods 149
6.3 Microbial Catalysts 157
6.4 Applications and Proof of Concepts 164
6.5 Modeling 173
6.6 Outlook and Conclusions 173
Acknowledgments 173
References 174
7 Micro-Reactors for Fuel Processing 185
Gunther Kolb
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Micro-Reactors 185
7.3 Specific Features Required from Catalyst Formulations for Microchannel Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors 188
7.4 Heat Management of Microchannel Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors 190
7.5 Examples of Complete Microchannel Fuel Processors 201
7.6 Fabrication of Microchannel Plate Heat-Exchanger Reactors 206
References 212
8 Regenerative Fuel Cells 219
Martin Müller
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 Principles 220
8.3 History 222
8.4 Thermodynamics 223
8.5 Electrodes 226
8.6 Solid Oxide Electrolyte (SOE) 233
8.7 System Design and Components 234
8.8 Applications and Systems 236
8.9 Conclusion and Prospects 240
References 241
Part II Materials and Production Processes 247
9 Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Development Between 1995 and 2010 at Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany 249
Vincent Haanappel
9.1 Introduction 249
9.2 Advances in Research, Development, and Testing of Single Cells 250
9.3 Conclusions 272
Acknowledgments 272
References 272
10 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrode Fabrication by Infiltration 275
Evren Gunen
10.1 Introduction 275
10.2 SOFC and Electrochemical Fundamentals 275
10.3 Current Status of Electrodes; Fabrication Methods of Electrodes 276
10.4 Electrode Materials 278
10.5 Infiltration 281
10.6 Conclusion 295
References 297
11 Sealing Technology for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 301
K. Scott Weil
11.1 Introduction 301
11.2 Sealing Techniques 306
11.3 Conclusion 328
References 329
12 Phosphoric Acid, an Electrolyte for Fuel Cells – Temperature and Composition Dependence of Vapor Pressure and Proton Conductivity 335
Carsten Korte
12.1 Introduction 335
12.2 Short Overview of Basic Properties and Formal Considerations 337
12.3 Vapor Pressure of Water as a Function of Composition and Temperature 339
12.4 Proton Conductivity as a Function of Composition and Temperature 344
12.5 Equilibria between the Polyphosphoric Acid Species and ‘‘Composition’’ of Concentrated Phosphoric Acid 353
12.6 Conclusion 356
References 357
13 Materials and Coatings for Metallic Bipolar Plates in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells 361
Heli Wang and John A. Turner
13.1 Introduction 361
13.2 Metallic Bipolar Plates 363
13.3 Discussion and Perspective 370
Acknowledgments 374
References 374
14 Nanostructured Materials for Fuel Cells 379
John F. Elter
14.1 Introduction 379
14.2 The Fuel Cell and Its System 380
14.3 Triple Phase Boundary 382
14.4 Electrodes to Oxidize Hydrogen 384
14.5 Membranes to Transport Ions 388
14.6 Electrocatalysts to Reduce Oxygen 393
14.7 Catalyst Supports to Conduct Electrons 397
14.8 Future Directions 402
References 403
15 Catalysis in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells – an Overview 407
Sabine Schimpf and Michael Bron
15.1 Introduction 407
15.2 Electrocatalysis in Fuel Cells 408
15.3 Electrocatalyst Degradation 421
15.4 Novel Support Materials 422
15.5 Catalyst Development, Characterization, and In Situ Studies in Fuel Cells 423
15.6 Catalysis in Hydrogen Production for Fuel Cells 424
15.7 Perspective 431
References 431
Part III Analytics and Diagnostics 439
16 Impedance Spectroscopy for High-Temperature Fuel Cells 441
Ellen Ivers-Tiffée, André Leonide, Helge Schichlein, Volker Sonn, and
André Weber
16.1 Introduction 441
16.2 Fundamentals 443
16.3 Experimental Examples 452
16.4 Conclusion 465
References 466
17 Post-Test Characterization of Solid Oxide Fuel-Cell Stacks 469
Norbert H. Menzler and Peter Batfalsky
17.1 Introduction 469
17.2 Stack Dissection 472
17.3 Conclusion and Outlook 489
Acknowledgments 490
References 491
18 In Situ Imaging at Large-Scale Facilities 493
Christian Tötzke, Ingo Manke, and Werner Lehnert
18.1 Introduction 493
18.2 X-Rays and Neutrons 494
18.3 Application of In Situ 2D Methods 500
18.4 Application of 3D Methods 513
18.5 Conclusion 517
References 518
19 Analytics of Physical Properties of Low-Temperature Fuel Cells 521
Jürgen Wackerl
19.1 Introduction 521
19.2 Gravimetric Properties 524
19.3 Caloric Properties 527
19.4 Structural Information: Porosity 530
19.5 Mechanical Properties 531
19.6 Conclusion 535
References 536
20 Degradation Caused by Dynamic Operation and Starvation Conditions 543
Jan Hendrik Ohs, Ulrich S. Sauter, and Sebastian Maass
20.1 Introduction 543
20.2 Measurement Techniques 546
20.3 Dynamic Operation at Standard Conditions 550
20.4 Starvation Conditions 553
20.5 Mitigation 562
20.6 Conclusion 565
References 565
Part IV Quality Assurance 571
21 Quality Assurance for Characterizing Low-Temperature Fuel Cells 573
Viktor Hacker, Eva Wallnöfer-Ogris, Georgios Tsotridis, and Thomas Malkow
21.1 Introduction 573
21.2 Test Procedures/Standardized Measurements 574
21.3 Standardized Test Cells 587
21.4 Degradation and Lifetime Investigations 587
21.5 Design of Experiments in the Field of Fuel-Cell Research 592
References 593
22 Methodologies for Fuel Cell Process Engineering 597
Remzi Can Samsun and Ralf Peters
22.1 Introduction 597
22.2 Verification Methods in Fuel-Cell Process Engineering 597
22.3 Analysis Methods in Fuel-Cell Process Engineering 628
22.4 Conclusion 641
Acknowledgments 642
References 642
VOLUME 2
List of Contributors XIX
Part V Modeling and Simulation 645
23 Messages from Analytical Modeling of Fuel Cells 647
Andrei Kulikovsky
23.1 Introduction 647
23.2 Modeling of Catalyst Layer Performance 648
23.3 Polarization Curve of PEMFCs and HT-PEMFCs 658
23.4 Conclusion 665
List of Symbols 665
References 667
24 Stochastic Modeling of Fuel-Cell Components 669
Ralf Thiedmann, Gerd Gaiselmann, Werner Lehnert, and Volker Schmidt
24.1 Multi-Layer Model for Paper-Type GDLs 670
24.2 Time-Series Model for Non-Woven GDLs 676
24.3 Stochastic Network Model for the Pore Phase 677
24.4 Further Results 690
24.5 Structural Characterization of Porous GDL 692
24.6 Conclusion 698
References 699
25 Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulation Using Supercomputer Calculation Capacity 703
Ralf Peters and Florian Scharf
25.1 Introduction 703
25.2 High-Performance Computing for Fuel Cells 705
25.3 HPC-Based CFD Modeling for Fuel-Cell Systems 711
25.4 CFD-Based Design 728
25.5 Conclusion and Outlook 730
Acknowledgments 731
References 731
26 Modeling Solid Oxide Fuel Cells from the Macroscale to the Nanoscale 733
Emily M. Ryan and Mohammad A. Khaleel
26.1 Introduction 733
26.2 Governing Equations of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 735
26.3 Macroscale SOFC Modeling 747
26.4 Mesoscale SOFC Modeling 758
26.5 Nanoscale SOFC Modeling 761
26.6 Conclusion 761
References 762
27 Numerical Modeling of the Thermomechanically Induced Stress in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 767
Murat Peksen
27.1 Introduction 767
27.2 Chronological Overview of Numerically Performed Thermomechanical Analyses in SOFCs 768
27.3 Mathematical Formulation of Strain and Stress Within SOFC Components 773
27.4 Effect of Geometric Design on the Stress Distribution in SOFCs 778
27.5 Conclusion 788
References 789
28 Modeling of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 791
Peter Heidebrecht, Silvia Piewek, and Kai Sundmacher
28.1 Introduction 791
28.2 Spatially Distributed MCFC Model 794
28.3 Electrode Models 804
28.4 Conclusion 811
List of Symbols 812
References 814
29 High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel-Cell Modeling 819
Uwe Reimer
29.1 Introduction 819
29.2 Cell-Level Modeling 821
29.3 Stack-Level Modeling 825
29.4 Phosphoric Acid as Electrolyte 827
29.5 Basic Modeling of the Polarization Curve 829
29.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 834
References 835
30 Modeling of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel-Cell Components 839
Yun Wang and Ken S. Chen
30.1 Introduction 839
30.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane 842
30.3 Catalyst Layers 845
30.4 Gas Diffusion Layers and Microporous Layers 850
30.5 Gas Flow Channels 859
30.6 Gas Diffusion Layer-Gas Flow Channel Interface 864
30.7 Bipolar Plates 868
30.8 Coolant Flow 869
30.9 Model Validation 869
30.10 Conclusion 871
List of Symbols 872
References 874
31 Modeling of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells and Stacks 879
Yun Wang and Ken S. Chen
31.1 Introduction 879
31.2 Cell-Level Modeling and Simulation 881
31.3 Stack-Level Modeling and Simulation 906
31.4 Conclusion 911
List of Symbols 912
References 913
Part VI Balance of Plant Design and Components 917
32 Principles of Systems Engineering 919
Ludger Blum, Ralf Peters, and Remzi Can Samsun
32.1 Introduction 919
32.2 Basic Engineering 920
32.3 Detailed Engineering 945
32.4 Procurement 956
32.5 Construction 956
32.6 Conclusion 957
List of Symbols and Abbreviations 958
Subscripts and Superscripts 958
References 959
33 System Technology for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 963
Nguyen Q. Minh
33.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Power Generation 963
33.2 Overview of SOFC Power Systems 965
33.3 Subsystem Design for SOFC Power Systems 970
33.4 SOFC Power Systems 991
Acknowledgments 1006
References 1006
34 Desulfurization for Fuel-Cell Systems 1011
Joachim Pasel and Ralf Peters
34.1 Introduction and Motivation 1011
34.2 Sulfur-Containing Molecules in Crude Oil 1011
34.3 Desulfurization in the Gas Phase 1016
34.4 Desulfurization in the Liquid Phase 1022
34.5 Application in Fuel-Cell Systems 1034
34.6 Conclusion 1038
Acknowledgments 1039
References 1039
35 Design Criteria and Components for Fuel Cell Powertrains 1045
Lutz Eckstein and Bruno Gnörich
35.1 Introduction 1045
35.2 Vehicle Requirements 1045
35.3 Potentials and Challenges of Vehicle Powertrains 1049
35.4 Components of Fuel Cell Powertrains 1061
35.5 Conclusion 1072
Acknowledgment 1073
References 1073
36 Hybridization for Fuel Cells 1075
Jörg Wilhelm
36.1 Introduction 1075
36.2 The Fuel-Cell Hybrid 1076
36.3 Components of a Fuel-Cell Hybrid 1081
36.4 Hybridization Concepts 1085
36.5 Technical Overview 1088
36.6 Systems Analysis 1096
36.7 Conclusion 1098
References 1098
Part VII Systems Verification and Market Introduction 1105
37 Off-Grid Power Supply and Premium Power Generation 1107
Kerry-Ann Adamson
37.1 Introduction 1107
37.2 Premium Power Market Overview 1107
37.3 Off-Grid 1109
37.4 Portable Applications 1113
37.5 Discussion 1117
References 1117
38 Demonstration Projects and Market Introduction 1119
Kristin Deason
38.1 Introduction 1119
38.2 Why Demonstration? 1119
38.3 Transportation Demonstrations 1120
38.4 Stationary Power and Early Market Applications 1139
References 1146
Further Reading 1150
Part VIII Knowledge Distribution and Public Awareness 1151
39 A Sustainable Framework for International Collaboration: the IEA HIA and Its Strategic Plan for 2009–2015 1153
Mary-Rose de Valladares
39.1 Introduction 1153
39.2 The IEA HIA Strategic Framework: Overview 1154
39.3 The Work Program: Issues and Approaches 1166
39.4 IEA HIA: the Past as Prolog 1166
39.5 The 2009–2015 IEA HIA Work Program Timeline 1173
39.6 Conclusion and Final Remarks 1177
References 1179
Further Reading 1179
40 Overview of Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Organizations and Initiatives Worldwide 1181
Bernd Emonts
40.1 Introduction 1181
40.2 International Level 1181
40.3 European Level 1187
40.4 National Level 1196
40.5 Regional Level 1201
40.6 Partnerships, Initiatives, and Networks with a Specific Agenda 1204
40.7 Conclusion 1208
References 1209
41 Contributions for Education and Public Awareness 1211
Thorsteinn I. Sigfusson and Bernd Emonts
41.1 Introduction 1211
41.2 Information for Interested Laypeople 1212
41.3 Education for School Students and University Students 1213
41.4 Electrolyzers and Fuel Cells in Education and Training 1215
41.5 Training and Qualification for Trade and Industry 1216
41.6 Education and Training in the Scientific Arena 1218
41.7 Clarification Assistance in the Political Arena 1219
41.8 Analysis of Public Awareness 1220
41.9 Conclusion 1221
References 1221
Index 1223
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