Fundamental Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences

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ISBN: 9780495099000 | 0495099007
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/1/2007

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David Howell's practical approach focuses on the context of statistics in behavioral research, with an emphasis on looking before leaping; investigating the data before jumping into a test. This provides you with an understanding of the logic behind the statistics: why and how certain methods are used rather than just doing techniques by rote. Learn faster and understand more because Howell's texts moves you beyond number crunching, allowing you to discover the meaning of statistical results and how they relate to the research questions being asked.

Introduction
The importance of Context
Basic Terminology
Selection among Statistical Procedures
Using Computers
Summary
Exercises
Basic Concepts
Scales of Measurement
Variables
Random Sampling
Notation
Summary
Exercises
Displaying Data
Plotting Data
Stem-and-Leaf Displays
Histograms
Reading Graphs
Alternative Methods of Plotting Data
Describing Distributions
Using Computer Programs to Display Data
Summary
Exercises
Measures of Central Tendency
The Mode
The Median
The Mean
Relative Advantages of the Mode, the Median, and the Mean
Obtaining Measures of Central Tendency Using SPSS
A Simple Demonstration-Seeing Statistics
Summary
Exercises
Measures of Variability
Range
Interquartile Range and Other Range Statistics
The Average Deviation
The Variance
The Standard Deviation
Computational Formulae for the Variance and the Standard eviation
The Mean and the Variance as Estimators
Boxplots: Graphical Representations of Dispersion and Extreme Scores
A Return to Trimming
Obtaining Measures of Dispersion Using SPSS
A Final Worked Example
Seeing Statistics
Summary
Exercises
The Normal Distribution
The Normal Distribution
The Standard Normal Distribution
Setting Probable Limits on an Observations
Measures Related to z
Seeing Statistics
Summary
Exercises
Basic Concepts of Probability
Probability
Basic Terminology and Rules
The Application of Probability to Controversial Issues
Writing Up the Results
Discrete versus Continuous Variables
Probability Distributions for Discrete Variables
Probability Distributions for Continuous Variables
Summary
Exercises
Sampling Distributions and Hypothesis Testing
Two Simple Examples Involving Course Evaluations and Rude Motorists
Sampling Distributions
Hypothesis Testing
The Null Hypothesis
Test Statistics and Their Sampling Distributions
Using the Normal Distribution to Test Hypotheses
Type I and Type II Errors
One- and Two-Tailed Tests
Seeing Statistics
A Final Worked Example
Back to Course Evaluations and Rude Motorists
Summary
Exercises
Correlation
Scatter Diagrams
The Relationship Between Pace of Life and Heart Disease
The Covariance
The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r)
Correlations with Ranked Data
Factors that Affect the Correlation
Beware Extreme Observations
Correlation and Causation
If Something Looks Too Good to Be True, Perhaps It Is
Testing the Significance of a Correlation Coefficient
Intercorrelation Matrices
Other Correlation Coefficients
Using SPSS to Obtain Correlation Coefficients
Seeing Statistics
A Final Worked Example
Summary
Exercises
Regression
The Relationship Between Stress and Health
The Basic Data
The Regression Line
The Accuracy of Prediction
The Influence of Extreme Values
Hypothesis Testing in Regression
Computer Solutions using SPSS
Seeing Statistics
Summary
Exercises
Multiple Regression
Overview
A Different Data Set
Residuals
The Visual Representation of Multiple Regression
Hypothesis Testing
Refining the Regression Equation
A Second Example: Height and Weight
A Third Example: Psychological Symptoms in Cancer Patients
Summary
Exercises
Hypothesis Testing Applied to Means: One Sample
Sampling Distribution of the Mean
Testing Hypotheses about Means When ?p is Known
Testing a Sample Mean When ?p is Unknown (The One-Sample t)
Factors that Affect the Magnitude of t and the Decision about H0
A Second Example: The Moon Illusion
How Large is Our Effect?
Confidence Limits on the Mean
Using SPSS to Run One-Sample t tests
A Final Worked Example
Seeing Statistics
Summary
Exercises
Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means: Two Related Samples
Related Samples
Student's t Applied to Difference Scores
A Second Example: The Moon Illusion Again
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Related Samples
How Large an Effect Have We Found?
Confidence Limits on Changes
Using SPSS for t Tests on Related Samples
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Fundamental Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences

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