Fundamentals of Acoustics

, by Kinsler, Lawrence E.; Frey, Austin R.; Coppens, Alan B.; Sanders, James V.

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ISBN: 9780471847892 | 0471847895
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/12/2000

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The classic acoustics reference! This widely-used book offers a clear treatment of the fundamental principles underlying the generation, transmission, and reception of acoustic waves and their application to numerous fields. The authors analyze the various types of vibration of solid bodies and the propagation of sound waves through fluid media.

Fundamentals of Vibration

Introduction

(1)

The Simple Oscillator

(1)

Initial Conditions

(2)

Energy of Vibration

(1)

Complex Exponential Method of Solution

(3)

Damped Oscillations

(3)

Forced Oscillations

(2)

Transient Response of an Oscillator

(1)

Power Relations

(1)

Mechanical Resonance

(2)

Mechanical Resonance and Frequency

(2)

Equivalent Electrical Circuits for Oscillators

(3)

Linear Combinations of Simple Harmonic Vibrations

(2)

Analysis of Complex Vibrations by Fourier's Theorem

(2)

The Fourier Transform

(11)

Transverse Motion: The Vibrating String

Vibrations of Extended Systems

(1)

Transverse Waves on a String

(1)

The One-Dimensional Wave Equation

(1)

General Solution of the Wave Equation

(1)

Wave Nature of the General Solution

(1)

Initial Values and Boundary Conditions

(1)

Reflection at a Boundary

(1)

Forced Vibration of an Infinite String

(4)

Forced Vibration of a String of Finite Length

(6)

The Forced, Fixed String

(3)

The Forced, Mass-Loaded String

(2)

The Forced, Resistance-Loaded String

(1)

Normal Modes of the Fixed, Fixed String

(2)

A Plucked String

(1)

A Struck String

(1)

Effects of More Realistic Boundary Conditions on the Freely Vibrating String

(4)

The Fixed, Mass-Loaded String

(1)

The Fixed, Resistance-Loaded String

(1)

The Fixed, Fixed Damped String

(1)

Energy of Vibration of a String

(2)

Normal Modes, Fourier's Theorem, and Orthogonality

(2)

Overtones and Harmonics

(6)

Vibrations of Bars

Longitudinal Vibrations of a Bar

(1)

Longitudinal Strain

(1)

Longitudinal Wave Equation

(2)

Simple Boundary Conditions

(2)

The Free, Mass-Loaded Bar

(2)

The Freely Vibrating Bar: General Boundary Conditions

(1)

Forced Vibrations of a Bar: Resonance and Antiresonance Revisited

(2)

Transverse Vibrations of a Bar

(2)

Transverse Wave Equation

(2)

Boundary Conditions

(1)

Clamped End

(1)

Free End

(1)

Simply Supported End

(1)

Bar Clamped at One End

(1)

Bar Free at Both Ends

(2)

Torsional Waves on a Bar

(5)

The Two-Dimensional Wave Equation: Vibrations of Membranes and Plates

Vibrations of a Plane Surface

(1)

The Wave Equation for a Stretched Membrane

(2)

Free Vibrations of a Rectangular Membrane with Fixed Rim

(2)

Free Vibrations of a Circular Membrane with Fixed Rim

(3)

Symmetric Vibrations of a Circular Membrane with Fixed Rim

(1)

The Damped, Freely Vibrating Membrane

(1)

The Kettledrum

100

(2)

Forced Vibration of a Membrane

102

(1)

The Diaphragm of a Condenser Microphone

103

(1)

Normal Modes of Membranes

104

(3)

The Rectangular Membrane with Fixed Rim

105

(1)

The Circular Membrane with Fixed Rim

106

(1)

Vibration of Thin Plates

107

(6)

The Acoustic Wave Equation and Simple Solutions

Introduction

113

(1)

The Equation of State

114

(2)

The Equation of Continuity

116

(1)

The Simple Force Equation: Euler's Equation

117

(2)

The Linear Wave Equation

119

(1)

Speed of Sound in Fluids

120

(1)

Harmonic Plane Waves

121

(3)

Energy Density

124

(1)

Acoustic Intensity

125

(1)

Specific Acoustic Impedance

126

(1)

Spherical Waves

127

(3)

Decibel Scales

130

(3)

Cylindrical Waves

133

(2)

Rays and Waves

135

(5)

The Eikonal and Transport Equations

135

(2)

The Equations for the Ray Path

137

(1)

The One-Dimensional Gradient

138

(1)

Phase and Intensity Considerations

139

(1)

The Inhomogeneous Wave Equation

140

(2)

The Point Source

142

(7)

Reflection and Transmission

Changes in Media

149

(1)

Transmission from One Fluid to Another: Normal Incidence

150

(2)

Transmission Through a Fluid Layer: Normal Incidence

152

(3)

Transmission from One Fluid to Another: Oblique Incidence

155

(5)

Normal Specific Acoustic Impedance

160

(1)

Reflection from the Surface of a Solid

160

(2)

Normal Incidence

161

(1)

Oblique Incidence

161

(1)

Transmission Through a Thin Partition: The Mass Law

162

(1)

Method of Images

163

(8)

Rigid Boundary

163

(2)

Pressure Release Boundary

165

(1)

Extensions

165

(6)

Radiation and Reception of Acoustic Waves

Radiation from a Pulsating Sphere

171

(1)

Acoustic Reciprocity and the Simple Source

172

(4)

The Continuous Line Source

176

(3)

Radiation from a Plane Circular Piston

179

(5)

Axial Response

179

(2)

Far Field

181

(3)

Radiation Impedance

184

(4)

The Circular Piston

185

(2)

The Pulsating Sphere

187

(1)

Fundamental Properties of Transducers

188

(5)

Directional Factor and Beam Pattern

188

(1)

Beam Width

188

(1)

Source Level

188

(1)

Directivity

189

(1)

Directivity Index

190

(1)

Estimates of Radiation Patterns

191

(2)

Directional Factors of Reversible Transducers

193

(2)

The Line Array

195

(4)

The Product Theorem

199

(1)

The Far Field Multipole Expansion

199

(4)

Beam Patterns and the Spatial Fourier Transform

203

(7)

Absorption and Attenuation of Sound

Introduction

210

(1)

Absorption from Viscosity

211

(2)

Complex Sound Speed and Absorption

213

(2)

Absorption from Thermal Conduction

215

(2)

The Classical Absorption Coefficient

217

(1)

Molecular Thermal Relaxation

218

(6)

Absorption in Liquids

224

(4)

Viscous Losses at a Rigid Wall

228

(2)

Losses in Wide Pipes

230

(4)

Viscosity

230

(2)

Thermal Conduction

232

(1)

The Combined Absorption Coefficient

233

(1)

Attenuation in Suspensions

234

(12)

Fogs

235

(3)

Resonant Bubbles in Water

238

(8)

Cavities and Waveguides

Introduction

246

(1)

Rectangular Cavity

246

(3)

The Cylindrical Cavity

249

(1)

The Spherical Cavity

250

(2)

The Waveguide of Constant Cross Section

252

(4)

Sources and Transients in Cavities and Waveguides

256

(3)

The Layer as a Waveguide

259

(2)

An Isospeed Channel

261

(1)

A Two-Fluid Channel

261

(11)

Pipes, Resonators, and Filters

Introduction

272

(1)

Resonance in Pipes

272

(3)

Power Radiation from Open-Ended Pipes

275

(1)

Standing Wave Patterns

276

(1)

Absorption of Sound in Pipes

277

(3)

Behavior of the Combined Driver--Pipe System

280

(3)

The Long Wavelength Limit

283

(1)

The Helmholtz Resonator

284

(2)

Acoustic Impedance

286

(2)

Lumped Acoustic Impedance

287

(1)

Distributed Acoustic Impedance

287

(1)

Reflection and Transmission of Waves in a Pipe

288

(3)

Acoustic Filters

291

(11)

Low-Pass Filters

291

(2)

High-Pass Filters

293

(2)

Band-Stop Filters

295

(7)

Noise, Signal Detection, Hearing, And Speech

Introduction

302

(1)

Noise, Spectrum Level, and Band Level

302

(4)

Combining Band Levels and Tones

306

(1)

Detecting Signals in Noise

307

(3)

Detection Threshold

310

(2)

Correlation Detection

311

(1)

Energy Detection

311

(1)

The Ear

312

(3)

Some Fundamental Properties of Hearing

315

(9)

Thresholds

316

(2)

Equal Loudness Level Contours

318

(1)

Critical Bandwidth

318

(2)

Masking

320

(1)

Beats, Combination Tones, and Aural Harmonics

321

(1)

Consonance and the Restored Fundamental

322

(2)

Loudness Level and Loudness

324

(2)

Pitch and Frequency

326

(1)

The Voice

327

(6)

Architectural Acoustics

Sound in Enclosures

333

(1)

A Simple Model for the Growth of Sound in a Room

334

(2)

Reverberation Time---Sabine

336

(2)

Reverberation Time---Eyring and Norris

338

(2)

Sound Absorption Materials

340

(2)

Measurement of the Acoustic Output of Sound Sources in Live Rooms

342

(1)

Direct and Reverberant Sound

342

(1)

Acoustic Factors in Architectural Design

343

(5)

The Direct Arrival

343

(1)

Reverberation at 500 Hz

343

(2)

Warmth

345

(2)

Intimacy

347

(1)

Diffusion, Blend, and Ensemble

348

(1)

Standing Waves and Normal Modes in Enclosures

348

(11)

The Rectangular Enclosure

349

(1)

Damped Normal Modes

349

(2)

The Growth and Decay of Sound from a Source

351

(2)

Frequency Distribution of Enclosure Resonances

353

(6)

Environmental Acoustics

Introduction

359

(1)

Weighted Sound Levels

360

(2)

Speech Interference

362

(1)

Privacy

363

(1)

Noise Rating Curves

364

(1)

The Statistical Description of Community Noise

365

(4)

Criteria for Community Noise

369

(2)

Highway Noise

371

(2)

Aircraft Noise Rating

373

(1)

Community Response to Noise

374

(1)

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

375

(3)

Noise and Architectural Design

378

(1)

Specification and Measurement of Sound Isolation

379

(3)

Recommended Isolation

382

(1)

Design of Partitions

382

(8)

Single-Leaf Partitions

383

(2)

Double-Leaf Partitions

385

(2)

Doors and Windows

387

(1)

Barriers

387

(3)

Transduction

Introduction

390

(1)

The Transducer as an Electrical Network

390

(4)

Reciprocal Transducers

392

(1)

Antireciprocal Transducers

393

(1)

Canonical Equations for Two Simple Transducers

394

(4)

The Electrostatic Transducer (Reciprocal)

394

(2)

The Moving-Coil Transducer (Antireciprocal)

396

(2)

Transmitters

398

(8)

Reciprocal Source

399

(4)

Antireciprocal Source

403

(3)

Moving-Coil Loudspeaker

406

(5)

Loudspeaker Cabinets

411

(3)

The Enclosed Cabinet

411

(1)

The Open Cabinet

412

(1)

Bass-Reflex Cabinet

412

(2)

Horn Loudspeakers

414

(2)

Receivers

416

(2)

Microphone Directivity

416

(1)

Microphone Sensitivities

417

(1)

Reciprocal Receiver

418

(1)

Antireciprocal Receiver

418

(1)

Condenser Microphone

418

(2)

Moving-Coil Electrodynamic Microphone

420

(3)

Pressure-Gradient Microphones

423

(2)

Other Microphones

425

(3)

The Carbon Microphone

425

(1)

The Piezoelectric Microphone

426

(1)

Fiber Optic Receivers

427

(1)

Calibration of Receivers

428

(7)

Underwater Acoustics

Introduction

435

(1)

Speed of Sound in Seawater

435

(1)

Transmission Loss

436

(2)

Refraction

438

(2)

The Mixed Layer

440

(4)

The Deep Sound Channel and the Reliable Acoustic Path

444

(2)

Surface Interference

446

(2)

The Sonar Equations

448

(2)

Passive Sonar

448

(1)

Active Sonar

449

(1)

Noise and Bandwidth Considerations

450

(5)

Ambient Noise

450

(1)

Self-Noise

451

(2)

Doppler Shift

453

(1)

Bandwidth Considerations

454

(1)

Passive Sonar

455

(1)

An Example

456

(1)

Active Sonar

456

(9)

Target Strength

457

(2)

Reverberation

459

(4)

Detection Threshold for Reverberation-Limited Performance

463

(1)

An Example

464

(1)

Isospeed Shallow-Water Channel

465

(3)

Rigid Bottom

467

(1)

Slow Bottom

467

(1)

Fast Bottom

467

(1)

Transmission Loss Models for Normal-Mode Propagation

468

(10)

Rigid Bottom

470

(1)

Fast Bottom

470

(8)

Selected Nonlinear Acoustic Effects

Introduction

478

(1)

A Nonlinear Acoustic Wave Equation

478

(2)

Two Descriptive Parameters

480

(3)

The Discontinuity Distance

481

(2)

The Goldberg Number

483

(1)

Solution by Perturbation Expansion

483

(1)

Nonlinear Plane Waves

484

(4)

Traveling Waves in an Infinite Half-Space

484

(1)

Traveling Waves in a Pipe

485

(2)

Standing Waves in a Pipe

487

(1)

A Parametric Array

488

(6)

Shock Waves and Explosions

Shock Waves

494

(6)

The Rankine--Hugoniot Equations

495

(1)

Stagnation and Critical Flow

496

(1)

Normal Shock Relations

497

(1)

The Shock Adiabat

498

(2)

The Blast Wave

500

(1)

The Reference Explosion

501

(2)

The Reference Chemical Explosion

501

(1)

The Reference Nuclear Explosion

502

(1)

The Scaling Laws

503

(1)

Yield and the Surface Effect

504

(4)

APPENDIXES

A1 Conversion Factors and Physical Constants

508

(1)

A2 Complex Numbers

509

(1)

A3 Circular and Hyperbolic Functions

510

(1)

A4 Some Mathematical Functions

510

(4)

(a) Gamma Function

510

(1)

(b) Bessel Functions, Modified Bessel Functions, and Struve Functions

511

(2)

513

(1)

(d) Legendre Functions

513

(1)

A5 Bessel Functions: Tables, Graphs, Zeros, and Extrema

514

(5)

(a) Table: Bessel and Modified Bessel Functions of the First Kind of Orders 0, 1, and 2

514

(2)

(b) Graphs: Bessel Functions of the First Kind of Orders 0, 1, 2, and 3

516

(1)

516

(1)

(d) Extrema: Bessel Functions of the First Kind, J'm(jmn)= 0

516

(1)

(e) Table: Spherical Bessel Functions of the First Kind of Orders 0, 1, and 2

517

(1)

(f) Graphs: Spherical Bessel Functions of the First Kind of Orders 0, 1, and 2

518

(1)

(g) Zeros: Spherical Bessel Functions of the First Kind, jm(ζmn) = 0

518

(1)

(h) Extrema: Spherical Bessel Functions of the First Kind, j'm(ζmn) = 0

518

(1)

A6 Table of Directivities and Impedance Functions for a Piston

519

(1)

A7 Vector Operators

520

(1)

(a) Cartesian Coordinates

520

(1)

(b) Cylindrical Coordinates

520

(1)

521

(1)

A8 Gauss's Theorem and Green's Theorem

521

(1)

(a) Gauss's Theorem in Two-and Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems

521

(1)

(b) Green's Theorem

521

(1)

A9 A Little Thermodynamics and the Perfect Gas

522

(4)

(a) Energy, Work, and the First Law

522

(1)

(b) Enthalpy, Entropy, and the Second Law

523

(1)

524

(2)

A10 Tables of Physical Properties of Matter

526

(3)

(a) Solids

526

(1)

(b) Liquids

527

(1)

528

(1)

A11 Elasticity and Viscosity

529

(4)

(a) Solids

529

(2)

(b) Fluids

531

(2)

A12 The Greek Alphabet

533

(1)

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

534

(9)

Index

543

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Fundamentals of Acoustics

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials