Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

, by Munson, Bruce R.; Young, Donald F.; Okiishi, Theodore H.

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ISBN: 9780471170242 | 0471170240
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/1/1997

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A look at fundamental aspects of fluid motion, including important fluid properties, regimes of flow, pressure variations in fluids at rest and in motion, fluid kinematics, and methods of flow description and analysis. This book describes the essential elements of kinematics, including Eulerian and Lagrangian mathematical descriptions of flow phenomena, and indicates the vital relationship between the two views.

1 INTRODUCTION

(38)

1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids

(1)

1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units

(7)

1.2.1 Systems of Units

(5)

1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior

(1)

1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight

(2)

1.4.1 Density

(1)

1.4.2 Specific Weight

(1)

1.4.3 Specific Gravity

(1)

1.5 Ideal Gas Law

(1)

1.6 Viscosity

(7)

1.7 Compressibility of Fluids

(3)

1.7.1 Bulk Modulus

(1)

1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases

(1)

1.7.3 Speed of Sound

(1)

1.8 Vapor Pressure

(1)

1.9 Surface Tension

(2)

1.10 A Brief Look Back in History

(3)

References

(1)

Review Problems

(2)

Problems

(8)

2 FLUID STATICS

(62)

2.1 Pressure at a Point

(2)

2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field

(2)

2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

(5)

2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid

(3)

2.3.2 Compressible Fluid

(2)

2.4 Standard Atmosphere

(1)

2.5 Measurement of Pressure

(2)

2.6 Manometry

(6)

2.6.1 Piezometer Tube

(1)

2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer

(4)

2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer

(1)

2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure Measuring Devices

(2)

2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface

(7)

2.9 Pressure Prism

(4)

2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface

(2)

2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability

(4)

2.11.1 Archimedes' Principle

(2)

2.11.2 Stability

(2)

2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion

(6)

2.12.1 Linear Motion

(3)

2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation

(3)

References

(1)

Review Problems

(3)

Problems

(16)

3 ELEMENTARY FLUID DYNAMICS--THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

103

(62)

3.1 Newton's Second Law

103

(3)

3.2 F = ma Along a Streamline

106

(5)

3.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline

111

(2)

3.4 Physical Interpretation

113

(4)

3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure

117

(4)

3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation

121

(15)

3.6.1 Free Jets

121

(2)

3.6.2 Confined Flows

123

(8)

3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement

131

(5)

3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line

136

(3)

3.8 Restrictions on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation

139

(7)

3.8.1 Compressibility Effects

139

(3)

3.8.2 Unsteady Effects

142

(2)

3.8.3 Rotational Effects

144

(2)

3.8.4 Other Restrictions

146

(1)

References

146

(1)

Review Problems

146

(3)

Problems

149

(16)

4 FLUID KINEMATICS

165

(46)

4.1 The Velocity Field

165

(10)

4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions

167

(2)

4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows

169

(1)

4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows

170

(1)

4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines

170

(5)

4.2 The Acceleration Field

175

(9)

4.2.1 The Material Derivative

175

(3)

4.2.2 Unsteady Effects

178

(1)

4.2.3 Convective Effects

179

(3)

4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates

182

(2)

4.3 Control Volume and System Representations

184

(1)

4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem

185

(14)

4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem

188

(5)

4.4.2 Physical Interpretation

193

(1)

4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative

194

(1)

4.4.4 Steady Effects

195

(1)

4.4.5 Unsteady Effects

195

(2)

4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes

197

(1)

4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume

198

(1)

References

199

(1)

Review Problems

199

(2)

Problems

201

(10)

5 FINITE CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS

211

(98)

5.1 Conservation of Mass--The Continuity Equation

212

(15)

5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation

212

(2)

5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume

214

(7)

5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume

221

(3)

5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume

224

(3)

5.2 Newton's Second Law--The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations

227

(30)

5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation

227

(2)

5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation

229

(18)

5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation

247

(2)

5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation

249

(8)

5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics--The Energy Equation

257

(21)

5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation

257

(3)

5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation

260

(5)

5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation

265

(7)

5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows

272

(4)

5.3.5 Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment-of-Momentum Equation

276

(2)

5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics--Irreversible Flow

278

(5)

5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy Equation

278

(1)

5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

279

(1)

5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

280

(1)

5.4.4 Application of the Loss Form of the Energy Equation

281

(2)

References

283

(1)

Review Problems

283

(5)

Problems

288

(21)

6 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW

309

(88)

6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics

310

(6)

6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited

310

(1)

6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation

311

(2)

6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation

313

(3)

6.2 Conservation of Mass

316

(7)

6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation

316

(3)

6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates

319

(1)

6.2.3 The Stream Function

320

(3)

6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum

323

(4)

6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the Differential Element

324

(2)

6.3.2 Equations of Motion

326

(1)

6.4 Inviscid Flow

327

(9)

6.4.1 Euler's Equations of Motion

327

(1)

6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation

328

(2)

6.4.3 Irrotational Flow

330

(2)

6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow

332

(1)

6.4.5 The Velocity Potential

332

(4)

6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows

336

(10)

6.5.1 Uniform Flow

338

(1)

6.5.2 Source and Sink

339

(2)

6.5.3 Vortex

341

(3)

6.5.4 Doublet

344

(2)

6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows

346

(12)

6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream--Half-Body

347

(3)

6.6.2 Rankine Ovals

350

(2)

6.6.3 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder

352

(6)

6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis

358

(1)

6.8 Viscous Flow

359

(3)

6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships

359

(1)

6.8.2 The Naiver-Stokes Equations

360

(2)

6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Viscous, Incompressible Fluids

362

(10)

6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel Plates

362

(3)

6.9.2 Couette Flow

365

(2)

6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

367

(3)

6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus

370

(2)

6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis

372

(9)

6.10.1 Numerical Methods

373

(8)

References

381

(1)

Review Problems

381

(2)

Problems

383

(14)

7 SIMILITUDE, DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, AND MODELING

397

(62)

7.1 Dimensional Analysis

397

(3)

7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem

400

(1)

7.3 Determination of Pi Terms

400

(7)

7.4 Some Additional Comments About Dimensional Analysis

407

(5)

7.4.1 Selection of Variables

407

(2)

7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions

409

(2)

7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms

411

(1)

7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection

412

(2)

7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics

414

(4)

7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data

418

(5)

7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term

418

(2)

7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms

420

(3)

7.8 Modeling and Similitude

423

(7)

7.8.1 Theory of Models

423

(5)

7.8.2 Model Scales

428

(1)

7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models

428

(2)

7.9 Some Typical Model Studies

430

(11)

7.9.1 Flow Through Closed Conduits

430

(3)

7.9.2 Flow Around Immersed Bodies

433

(4)

7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface

437

(4)

7.10 Similitude Based on Governing Differential Equations

441

(3)

References

444

(1)

Review Problems

444

(2)

Problems

446

(13)

8 VISCOUS FLOW IN PIPES

459

(92)

8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

460

(5)

8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow

461

(2)

8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow

463

(1)

8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress

464

(1)

8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow

465

(11)

8.2.1 From F = ma Applied to a Fluid Element

466

(5)

8.2.2 From the Navier-Stokes Equations

471

(1)

8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis

472

(2)

8.2.4 Energy Considerations

474

(2)

8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow

476

(13)

8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow

477

(2)

8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress

479

(4)

8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile

483

(5)

8.3.4 Turbulence Modeling

488

(1)

8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence

488

(1)

8.4 Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow

489

(21)

8.4.1 The Moody Chart

489

(7)

8.4.2 Minor Losses

496

(12)

8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits

508

(2)

8.5 Pipe Flow Examples

510

(19)

8.5.1 Single Pipes

511

(12)

8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems

523

(6)

8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement

529

(7)

8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters

529

(5)

8.6.2 Volume Flow Meters

534

(2)

References

536

(1)

Review Problems

537

(2)

Problems

539

(12)

9 FLOW OVER IMMERSED BODIES

551

(88)

9.1 General External Flow Characteristics

552

(10)

9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts

553

(4)

9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object

557

(5)

9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics

562

(29)

9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate

562

(4)

9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution

566

(4)

9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate

570

(7)

9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow

577

(2)

9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow

579

(6)

9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient

585

(5)

9.2.7 Momentum-Integral Boundary Layer Equation with Nonzero Pressure Gradient

590

(1)

9.3 Drag

591

(19)

9.3.1 Friction Drag

591

(2)

9.3.2 Pressure Drag

593

(3)

9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples

596

(14)

9.4 Lift

610

(15)

9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution

610

(11)

9.4.2 Circulation

621

(4)

References

625

(1)

Review Problems

626

(2)

Problems

628

(11)

10 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

639

(60)

10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow

640

(1)

10.2 Surface Waves

641

(4)

10.2.1 Wave Speed

641

(3)

10.2.2 Froude Number Effects

644

(1)

10.3 Energy Considerations

645

(7)

10.3.1 Specific Energy

646

(5)

10.3.2 Channel Depth Variations

651

(1)

10.4 Uniform Depth Channel Flow

652

(13)

10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations

652

(1)

10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations

653

(3)

10.4.3 Uniform Depth Examples

656

(9)

10.5 Gradually Varied Flow

665

(4)

10.5.1 Classification of Surface Shapes

666

(1)

10.5.2 Examples of Gradually Varied Flows

667

(2)

10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow

669

(17)

10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump

671

(6)

10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs

677

(3)

10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs

680

(3)

10.6.4 Underflow Gates

683

(3)

References

686

(1)

Review Problems

686

(2)

Problems

688

(11)

11 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW

699

(80)

11.1 Ideal Gas Relationships

700

(6)

11.2 Mach Number and Speed of Sound

706

(3)

11.3 Categories of Compressible Flow

709

(4)

11.4 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas

713

(22)

11.4.1 Effect of Variations in Flow Cross-Section Area

714

(2)

11.4.2 Converging-Diverging Duct Flow

716

(18)

11.4.3 Constant-Area Duct Flow

734

(1)

11.5 Nonisentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas

735

(32)

11.5.1 Adiabatic Constant-Area Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)

735

(15)

11.5.2 Frictionless, Constant-Area Duct Flow with Heat Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)

750

(7)

11.5.3 Normal Shock Waves

757

(10)

11.6 Analogy Between Compressible and Open-Channel Flows

767

(1)

11.7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow

768

(3)

References

771

(1)

Review Problems

772

(1)

Problems

772

(7)

12 TURBOMACHINES

779

(67)

12.1 Introduction

780

(2)

12.2 Basic Energy Considerations

782

(4)

12.3 Basic Angular Momentum Considerations

786

(2)

12.4 The Centrifugal Pump

788

(14)

12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations

790

(4)

12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics

794

(2)

12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

796

(2)

12.4.4 System Characteristics and Pump Selection

798

(4)

12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws

802

(6)

12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws

805

(2)

12.5.2 Specific Speed

807

(1)

12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed

807

(1)

12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps

808

(2)

12.7 Fans

810

(1)

12.8 Turbines

811

(16)

12.8.1 Impulse Turbines

813

(10)

12.8.2 Reaction Turbines

823

(4)

12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines

827

(7)

12.9.1 Compressors

827

(5)

12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines

832

(2)

References

834

(1)

Review Problems

835

(2)

Problems

837

(9)

A UNIT CONVERSION TABLES

846

(4)

B PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

850

(6)

C PROPERTIES OF THE U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

856

(2)

D COMPRESSIBLE FLOW DATA FOR AN IDEAL GAS

858

(1)

ANSWERS

859

(10)

INDEX

869

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Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials