Fundamentals of Health Psychology

Bringing together an internationally respected team of experts, the second edition of Fundamentals of Health Psychology continues to offer a comprehensive introduction to the key topics and approaches in the fast-growing field of health psychology. Building on the basics, this contributed volume introduces students to general areas of health psychology - such as body systems, health-care systems, stress, and illness prevention - before moving on to examine health conditions, issues affecting special populations, and cross-cultural concerns. The second edition features two new chapters; one on eating, smoking, and recreational substance use; and the other on chronic health problems, and the latest research in the field, including new material on topics such as sleep, end-of-life care, and the influence of technology and social media on health. Compelling and thought-provoking, Fundamentals of Health Psychology offers students the foundation they need to engage critically with the most pressing issues in health psychology today.

Thomas Hadjistavropoulos, Professor, Research Chair in Aging and Health, and Director of Health Psychology Research Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Regina,Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos, Professor, Director of Clinical Training, Department of Psychology, University of Regina

Thomas Hadjistavropoulos, Ph.D., ABPP, FCAHS is Professor of Clinical Psychology, Research Chair in Aging and Health and Director of the Centre on Aging and Health, University of Regina. He has served as the 2007-2008 President of the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA). His research, which has been funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, AGE WELL Network of National Centres of Excellence and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, focuses on psychological issues in pain. An area of recent focus has been pain assessment and management among seniors with a special emphasis on seniors who have severe limitations in ability to communicate because of dementia. He has been honoured with numerous prestigious awards including a CIHR Investigator Award, the Year 2000 Canadian Pain Society Early Career Award for Excellence in Pain Research, the Canadian Association on

Gerontology Distinguished Member Award, the Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation Career Achievement Award, a Saskatchewan Health Care Excellence Award, and many others. He has also been elected Fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association as well as of the American Psychological Association in recognition of his distinguished contributions to the science and profession of psychology. More recently, he was inducted as Fellow in the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences which represents one of the highest honours available to Canadian Health Scientists. Thomas is Editor-in-Chief of Ethics & Behavior and in the past has served as Editor of Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, Psychology Section Editor of the Canadian Journal on Aging as well as on other editorial boards. He has published over 160 peer reviewed papers and book chapters as well as five books.

Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos (Ph.D. University of British Columbia 1995) is a Professor of Psychology at the

University of Regina (U of R), Canada. She founded the Psychology Training Clinic at the U of R in 2002, and trains graduate students in the assessment and treatment of anxiety and mood disorders, commonly among individuals with co-morbid medical conditions. Heather's research is focused on: a) assessing and treating psychological problems that impact health; and b) understanding and improving the quality of health care in an attempt to reduce the burden of illness. Heather received a Canada Innovation Foundation grant to develop a state of the art Clinical Health Psychology research area. She has published and presented her research widely and received funding through the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian Health Services Research Foundation and the Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation. She has been the recipient of many awards for her research as well as her contributions to training and the profession of psychology. In 2010, Dr. Hadjistavropoulos founded the Online Therapy Unit

(onlinetherapyuser.ca). This unit has: 1) overseen the development of a website and policies and procedures for the delivery of therapist-assisted Internet-delivered Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (I-CBT) in Saskatchewan; 2) trained community providers and graduate students on how to use I-CBT; and, 3) coordinated, monitored and evaluated the delivery of I-CBT for multiple conditions. The Online Therapy Unit is having a substantive impact on delivery of psychological care in Saskatchewan and inspiring the development of similar services in other provinces.

Part I: Fundamentals of Health Psychology
1. Introduction to Health Psychology Thomas Hadjistavropoulos and Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos
Learning Objectives
What is Health Psychology?
A Brief History of Health Psychology
Careers in Health Psychology
Major Theories and Models in Health Psychology
- The Biopsychosocial Model
- Health Belief Model
- Social Cognitive Theory
- Theory of Planned Behaviour
- The Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation/Illness Representation
- Cognitive Behavioural Perspective
- The Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
2. An Introduction to Body Systems and Psychological Influences on Health Blaine Ditto
Learning Objectives
Body Systems
- Introduction
- The Cardiovascular System
- The Gastrointestinal System
- The Respiratory System
- The Renal System/Urinary System
- The Immune System
Psychological Influences on Body Systems
- The Peripheral Nervous System
- The Autonomic Nervous System
- The Endocrine System
The Development of the Stress Concept
Emotion
Psychological Factors in the Development of Medical Illnesses
- Gastrointestinal Ulcers: Executive Monkeys and Helpless Rats
- Vasovagal Reactions: A Brief but Dramatic Response
- High Blood Pressure
- Other Diseases
Psychoneuroimmunology
- Development of the Field
- Stress, Immune Function, and Illness
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
3. Stress, Coping, and Health Nicholas J.S. Christenfeld, Britta A. Larsen, and Arseny A. Ryazanov
Learning Objectives
Introduction
- Good vs. Bad Stress
- Acute vs. Chronic Stress
Stressful Situations
- Job and Primary Role Stress
- Life Events
- Caregiver Stress
- Sociological Stress: SES, Gender, and Race
Contributors to Stress: The Person
Contributors to Stress: The Interaction of Person and Situation
Appraisal
Coping
- Problem- vs. Emotion-Focused Coping
- Social Support
- The Great Gender Divide
- Other Coping Strategies
Stress and Mental Health
- Stress and Sleep
- Stress Management
- Social Networking, Stress, and Online Social Support
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
4. Health Psychology within the Health-Care System Gregory P. Marchildon, Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos, and Gerald P. Koocher
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Health Systems in the United States, Canada, and Elsewhere
Impact of Health Systems on Health Psychology
Types of Health Services
Patterns of Health-Care Use
Medical Service Misuse
- Overuse
- Delayed Health Care
Adherence to Medical Care
- Definition and Measurement
- Rates and Predictors of Adherence
- Improving Adherence
Patient Satisfaction
Medical Cost Offset of Psychological Interventions
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
5. Prevention of Illness and Health-Promotion Intervention James O. Prochaska and Janice M. Prochaska
Learning Objectives
Importance of a Healthy Lifestyle
Core Constructs of the Transtheoretical Model of Behaviour Change
- Stages of Change
- Processes of Change
- Decisional Balance
Critical Assumptions of TTM
Empirical Support
- Stage Distribution
- Pros and Cons across 12 Behaviours
- Processes of Change across Behaviours
- Relationship between Stages and Process of Change
Applied Studies
Challenging Studies
Increasing Impacts with Multiple Behaviour Change Programs
Applying TTM Interventions to Exercise, Nutrition, and Smoking
Limitations of the Model
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
6. Eating, Smoking, and Recreational Substance Use Swati Mehta, Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos, and Thomas Hadjistavropoulos
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Eating Behaviour
- Obesity
- Dieting
- Eating Disorders
- Risk Factors
Substance-Use Behaviours
- Alcohol
- Tobacco and Nicotine
- Other Drugs
- Risk Factors
Assessment
- Eating
- Substance Use
Management
- Eating
- Substance Use
- Alcohol
- Smoking
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
7. Health Anxiety and Other Psychological Responses to Bodily Symptoms Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Common-Sense Model of Illness Representation/Self-Regulation
- Dimensions of Illness Representations
- Relationship between Illness Representations and Coping Behaviour
- Illness Representations and Health Outcomes
- Determinants of Illness Representations
Health Anxiety
- Clinical Considerations
- Genetics
- Cognitive Behavioural Model of Health Anxiety
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
Part II: Health Conditions
8. Chronic Health Problems: Risk Factors, Prevention, Adjustment, and Management Michelle M. Gagnon and Thomas Hadjistavropoulos
Learning Objectives
Chronic Health Problems
- Impact of Chronic Health Conditions
Cross-Cutting Issues in Chronic Health Conditions: Prevention, Adherence, and Adjustment
- Prevention
- Adherence
- Adjustment
Prevention and Psychological Intervention with Chronic Health Problems
- Prevention and Promotion
- Psychologists on Social Media
- Self-Management
- Psychological Interventions
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
9. The Psychology of Pain Thomas Hadjistavropoulos
Learning Objectives
Acute and Chronic Pain, Prevalence, and Medical Management
Understanding the Nature of Pain
Theories of Pain
- The Operant Model
- The Fear Avoidance Model of Pain
- The Communications Model of Pain
- Cognitive Behavioural Conceptualization of Pain
Psychological Assessment of Pain
- Full History, Co-Morbidities, Coping Styles, and Overall Psychological Functioning
- Dimensions of the Pain Experience
Pain Behaviour: Its Antecedents, Consequences, and Other Situational/Environmental Determinants of the Pain Experience
Effects of Pain on Quality of Life
Psychological Treatments for Chronic Pain
Psychological Management of Acute Pain
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
10. Cardiovascular Disease Amanda C. Kentner, Eric J. Connors, Adrienne H. Kovacs, and Sherry L. Grace
Learning Objectives
Cause of Death: Heartbreak
Cardiovascular Disease Description, Prevalence, and Medical Management
- The Disease Process
- Prevalence and Cost of CVD
- Medical Management of CVD
Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disease
- Stress
- Social Isolation
- Psychological Disorders
- Personality
- Positive Psychology: Resilience and Coping
Psychological Assessment of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
- Depression/Anxiety
- Social Support
- Personality Factors
Interventions for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease
- Pharmacotherapy (Medications)
- Psychotherapy
- Psycho-Educational and Behavioural Interventions
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
11. HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections Tyler G. Tulloch, Natalie L. Stratton, Stanley Ing, Bojana Petrovic, and Trevor A. Hart
Learning Objectives
Sexually Transmitted Infections in the National and Global Context
- Overview of STIs in the US and Canada
Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors in HIV/STI Acquisition
- Knowledge, Motivation, and Skills
- Condom Use
- Number of Sexual Partners
- Communication
- Substance Use
- Personality Factors
- Health Disparities
- Stress in People from Ethnic Minority Populations
- Internet and Social Media
Psychology of Living with HIV/STIs
- Stressors
- Psychiatric Diagnoses
- Coping with HIV
- Medication Adherence
- Assessment of HIV/STI Risk Behaviour and Medication Adherence
Evidence-Based Treatments and Other Interventions
- Theoretical Frameworks Used in Evidence-Based Interventions
- Methods of Delivering Interventions
- Interventions to Prevent HIV and STI Transmission
- Treatments and Interventions Involving People Living with HIV/STIs
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
12. Cancer Anne Moyer and Elizabeth A. Sarma
Learning Objectives
Understanding Cancer
Types and Prevalence of Cancer
- Lung Cancer
- Prostate Cancer
- Breast Cancer
Medical Management Approaches
Cancer Risk Factors
Biopsychosocial Factors in Cancer Incidence and Progression
Cancer Prevention
Psychosocial Adjustment to Cancer
Psychological Assessment of the Cancer Patient
Psychological Interventions for Cancer Patients
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
Part III: Special Populations
13. Pediatric Psychology Christine T. Chambers and Perri R. Tutelman
Learning Objectives
What Is Pediatric Psychology?
Coping with Chronic Medical Conditions
Adherence to Pediatric Treatment Regimens
Coping with Medical Procedures
Pediatric Chronic Pain
Pediatric Palliative Care
Common Parenting Challenges: Sleeping, Feeding, Toileting
Impact on Family
Technology Applications in Pediatric Psychology: e-Health and Social Media
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
14. Health Geropsychology Casey B. Azuero, Rebecca S. Allen, and Thomas Hadjistavropoulos
Learning Objectives
Introduction
Working with Older Adults with Chronic Illnesses
- Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Care
- Advance Care Planning
- Family Caregiving and Chronic Illness
Chronic Pain
- Older Adults Who Live Independently in the Community
- Older Adults with Dementia Who Live in Long-Term Care Facilities
- Falls
Behavioural Interventions in Long-Term Care
- Behavioural Activation in Long-Term Care
End-of-Life Care
Reminiscence Therapy
- Treatments in the Community
- Treatments in Long-Term Care
- Treatments for Individuals Approaching the End of Life
Medically Assisted Death
Cognitive Rehabilitation
- Dementia
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
15. Cross-Cultural Issues in Health Psychology Jaime Williams and Chantelle Richmond
Learning Objectives
Introduction: The Importance of Cross-Cultural Issues in Health Psychology
What Is Diversity? Distinguishing among Race, Ethnicity, and Culture
- Hofstede's Value Dimensions of Culture
Cultural Factors and a Biopsychosocial Formulation of Health
- Health Beliefs Expressed Cross-Culturally
Health Disparities among Cultural Groups
- Significant Health Disparities in North America
- Determinants of Health Disparities
- Socio-Economic Status: A Critical Determinant of Health Disparity
- The Effect of Acculturation
Mental Health Issues and Health
- Cross-Cultural Presentation of Psychological Symptoms and Disorders
- Empirically Supported Therapies with Cultural Groups
- Cultural Competence
Future Directions
Summary
Critical Thought Questions
Recommended Reading
Glossary
References
Names Index
Subject Index