Fundamentals of Nursing Research

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ISBN: 9780763715670 | 0763715670
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 9/1/2002

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Fundamentals of Nursing Research, Third Edition is written to inspire enthusiasm among nursing students toward the research process. Concepts are presented in a unique worktext” format, allowing students to understand and apply concepts in a practical way. Solidly grounded in contemporary nursing science and theory, this edition thoroughly prepares students for evaluating nursing research and providing evidence-based care for patients, and contains new chapters on evidence-based practice and epidemiologic research.

Preface	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xix
Student Introduction	p. xxi
Evidence-Based Nursing Practice	p. 1
Evolution of a Body of Nursing Knowledge	p. 3
Introduction	p. 4
Value of Nursing Research	p. 4
Historical Roots	p. 5
1900-1970: Laying the Groundwork	p. 6
1970-Present: New World Trends	p. 8
Art and Science of Nursing	p. 8
Development of a Discipline	p. 10
A Unique Body of Nursing Knowledge	p. 10
Ways of Knowing: Structuring Nursing Knowledge	p. 12
Aim and Purpose of Nursing Research	p. 15
Research Methods	p. 18
Hallmarks of Success	p. 23
Boundaries for Nursing Study	p. 23
Scholarly Publications	p. 25
Resources for Promoting Nursing Research	p. 30
Future of Nursing Research	p. 32
Critical Overview of the Evolution of Nursing Knowledge	p. 33
References	p. 35
Promoting Evidence-Based Nursing Practice	p. 39
Introduction	p. 40
Research Defined	p. 40
Problem-Solving Process	p. 40
Research Process	p. 43
Nursing Research Defined	p. 46
Roles in Nursing Research	p. 49
The Consumer: A Critical Appraiser of Research	p. 49
Role as Research Designer and Producer	p. 58
Role as Replicator	p. 60
Role as Data Collector	p. 62
Evaluating Research Reports for Use in Practice	p. 64
Categorizing Evidence	p. 64
Bradford-Hill Guidelines	p. 71
Making Evidence-Based Recommendations	p. 73
Critical Overview of Promoting Evidence-Based Nursing Practice	p. 76
References	p. 78
Asking the Research Question	p. 79
Initiating a Study	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Research Feasibility	p. 82
Purpose of the Investigation	p. 84
Importance of the Study to Nursing	p. 86
Basic Versus Applied Research	p. 88
Kinds of Investigations	p. 92
Conceptual Models	p. 96
Nursing Models	p. 97
Concepts	p. 100
Borrowed Models	p. 102
Theories	p. 105
Propositions	p. 108
Concept-Construct-Variable	p. 111
Scientific Reasoning	p. 116
Deductive	p. 117
Inductive	p. 118
The Problem Statement	p. 120
Specifying the Topic or Concept of Interest	p. 121
Concepts and Their Relationships	p. 125
The Focus of the Study	p. 126
The Population	p. 129
Critical Overview in Initiating a Study	p. 130
References	p. 133
Review of the Literature	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
Steps in a Review of the Literature	p. 139
The Initial Search	p. 139
The Secondary Search	p. 141
Identifying Publications	p. 144
A Computer Search	p. 145
A Manual Search	p. 148
Keeping a Record	p. 149
Writing the Review of the Literature	p. 151
Critical Overview of the Review of the Literature	p. 154
References	p. 157
Protecting Research Participants	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Guidelines for Conducting Research	p. 160
Professional Guidelines	p. 161
Federal Guidelines	p. 162
Research Participants at Risk	p. 164
Informed Consent	p. 168
Confidentiality and Anonymity	p. 175
Participant Withdrawal	p. 181
Deception	p. 182
Debriefing	p. 184
Role of the Research Committee and IRB	p. 185
Critical Overview of Research Participant Selection and Protection	p. 187
References	p. 190
Answering the Research Question: Quantitative Designs	p. 191
Measurement	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Measuring Variables	p. 194
The Nominal Level of Measurement	p. 196
The Ordinal Level of Measurement	p. 198
The Interval Level of Measurement	p. 201
The Ratio Level of Measurement	p. 204
Methods of Measurement	p. 206
The Instrument	p. 206
Errors of Measurement	p. 209
Validity	p. 210
The Validity of an Instrument	p. 211
Reliability	p. 215
Critical Overview of Measurement	p. 219
References	p. 220
Quantitative Designs in Research	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Experimental Designs	p. 222
The Experiment	p. 222
The Quasi-experimental Design	p. 229
Nonexperimental Designs	p. 231
Key Concepts in Quantitative Designs	p. 234
Key Research Concepts	p. 235
Hypothesis Formation	p. 235
Identifying Variables	p. 236
Defining Terms	p. 240
Sample Selection: Choosing Participants	p. 244
Probability Sampling	p. 244
Nonprobability Sampling	p. 249
Validity in Relation to the Research Design	p. 251
Critical Overview of Quantitative Designs in Research	p. 253
References	p. 255
Bibliography	p. 256
Epidemiologic Research	p. 257
Introduction	p. 257
Population Health	p. 259
Causation	p. 261
Meta-analysis	p. 265
Risk	p. 266
Incidence and Prevalence	p. 268
Rates and Ratios	p. 269
Frequently Used Concepts in Epidemiology	p. 272
Statistical Estimates: Confidence Intervals	p. 272
Bias	p. 272
Confounding Variables	p. 273
Critical Overview of Epidemiology	p. 274
References	p. 275
Data Analysis	p. 277
Introduction	p. 277
Basic Concepts in Descriptive Statistics	p. 280
Descriptive Measures	p. 280
The Normal Distribution	p. 289
Correlation	p. 292
Basic Concepts in Inferential Statistics	p. 298
Probability	p. 298
Sampling Error (Standard Error)	p. 300
Null Hypothesis	p. 301
Statistical Significance	p. 303
Inferential Statistical Tests	p. 306
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	p. 309
Factorial Analysis of Variance	p. 312
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)	p. 315
Multivariate Analysis	p. 317
Correlation	p. 319
Inferential Statistical Tests	p. 320
Chi-Square Tests (Nonparametric)	p. 320
Critical Overview of Data Analysis	p. 320
References	p. 322
Answering the Research Question: Qualitative Designs	p. 323
Qualitative Designs in Research	p. 325
Introduction	p. 326
Development of Qualitative Research Designs	p. 326
Qualitative Research: Definition and Purpose	p. 327
Qualitative Research Methods	p. 332
Types of Qualitative Inquiry	p. 332
Sources of Data	p. 346
Participant Observation	p. 349
Recording the Data	p. 352
Recording for Bias	p. 354
Critical Overview of Qualitative Research Designs	p. 356
References	p. 358
Bibliography	p. 361
Analyzing the Data in Qualitative Research	p. 363
Introduction	p. 364
Analyzing the Data	p. 364
Literature Review	p. 366
Analyzing the Findings	p. 368
Scientific Adequacy in Qualitative Designs	p. 371
Critical Overview of Analyzing the Data in Qualitative Research	p. 373
References	p. 374
Promoting Evidence-Based Practice: Nurse as Researcher	p. 377
Reviewing the Research Findings	p. 379
Introduction	p. 379
Presenting the Findings	p. 380
Interpreting the Results	p. 390
Drawing Conclusions	p. 394
Implications for Nursing	p. 395
Critical Overview of Reviewing the Research Findings	p. 396
References	p. 398
Evaluating Research Reports	p. 399
Introduction	p. 399
Aim of Research Evaluation	p. 400
Critique Guidelines	p. 402
Critiquing Process	p. 403
Mapping the Research Report	p. 403
Critique of the Quantitative Research Report	p. 405
Critique of the Qualitative Research Report	p. 411
Basic Consideration in Evaluating Research Reports	p. 419
Format and Preparation of the Research Evaluation	p. 421
Implementing the Research Report Findings in Practice	p. 422
Critical Overview of the Research Evaluation Process	p. 428
References	p. 429
Communicating Study Results	p. 433
Introduction	p. 434
The Research Report	p. 434
Elements of the Research Report	p. 437
Selecting the Target Audience	p. 439
Selecting the Mode of Presentation	p. 442
Written Research Reports	p. 442
Oral Research Reports	p. 443
Tips for Presenting the Research Report	p. 444
Basic Considerations in Facilitating Use of the Research Report	p. 446
Titling the Research Report	p. 446
Research Abstract	p. 447
References	p. 449
The Investigator's Background and Credentials	p. 450
Critical Overview of Communicating Research	p. 453
References	p. 457
Research and the Entry-Level Professional Nurse	p. 459
Introduction	p. 459
Guidelines for Participating in Research	p. 460
Expectations of the Profession	p. 460
Societal Expectations	p. 461
Interprofessional Influences	p. 461
Research and the Entry-Level Professional Nurse	p. 463
NLN and ANA Guidelines for Functioning	p. 463
Research Proposal	p. 465
Participating in Grant Applications	p. 468
Promoting Evidence-Based Practice in the Workplace	p. 471
Critical Overview of Research and the Entry-Level Professional Nurse	p. 475
References	p. 477
Appendices	p. 479
Elements of Critical Appraisal	p. 481
Format for Evaluation of the Quantitative Research Report	p. 493
Format for Evaluation of the Qualitative Research Report	p. 499
Glossary	p. 507
Index	p. 521
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