- ISBN: 9781119460145 | 111946014X
- Cover: Loose-leaf
- Copyright: 5/8/2018
The second volume of a two-volume text that helps students understand physics concepts and scientific problem-solving Volume 2 of the Fundamentals of Physics, 11th Edition looks at a full range of fundamentals, including electric and magnetic fields; current and resistance; electromagnetic waves; induction; images; interference and diffraction. Maxwell's Equations, Gauss's Law and Coulomb's Law are also examined. The final chapters of this volume cover atoms and nuclear physics. The book offers problems, questions and answers to guide students in improving their problem-solving skills.
21 Coulomb’s Law 609
21-1 Coulomb’s Law 609
What Is Physics? 610
Electric Charge 610
Conductors and Insulators 612
Coulomb’s Law 613
21-2 Charge is Quantized 619
Charge Is Quantized 619
21-3 Charge is Conserved 621
Charge is Conserved 621
Review & summary 622
Questions 623
Problems 624
22 Electric Fields 630
22-1 The Electric Field 630
What Is Physics? 630
The Electric Field 631
Electric Field Lines 631
22-2 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Particle 633
The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge 633
22-3 The Electric Field Due to a Dipole 635
The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole 636
22-4 The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge 638
The Electric Field Due to Line of Charge 638
22-5 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk 643
The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk 643
22-6 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 645
A Point Charge in an Electric Field 645
22-7 A Dipole in an Electric Field 647
A Dipole in an Electric Field 648
Review & summary 650
Questions 651
Problems 652
23 Gauss’ Law 659
23-1 Electric Flux 659
What Is Physics? 659
Electric Flux 660
23-2 Gauss’ Law 664
Gauss’ Law 664
Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law 666
23-3 A Charged Isolated Conductor 668
A Charged Isolated Conductor 668
23-4 Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 671
Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 671
23-5 Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry 673
Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry 673
23-6 Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry 675
Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry 675
Review & summary 677
Questions 677
Problems 679
24 Electric Potential 685
24-1 Electric Potential 685
What Is Physics? 685
Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy 686
24-2 Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field 690
Equipotential Surfaces 690
Calculating the Potential from the Field 691
24-3 Potential Due to a Charged Particle 694
Potential Due to a Charged Particle 694
Potential Due to a Group of Charged Particles 695
24-4 Potential Due to an Electric Dipole 697
Potential Due to an Electric Dipole 697
24-5 Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution 698
Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution 698
24-6 Calculating the Field from the Potential 701
Calculating the Field from the Potential 701
24-7 Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles 703
Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles 703
24-8 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor 706
Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor 706
Review & summary 707
Questions 708
Problems 710
25 Capacitance 717
25-1 Capacitance 717
What Is Physics? 717
Capacitance 717
25-2 Calculating the Capacitance 719
Calculating the Capacitance 720
25-3 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 723
Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 724
25-4 Energy Stored in an Electric Field 728
Energy Stored in an Electric Field 728
25-5 Capacitor with a Dielectric 731
Capacitor with a Dielectric 731
Dielectrics: An Atomic View 733
25-6 Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law 735
Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law 735
Review & summary 738
Questions 738
Problems 739
26 Current and Resistance 745
26-1 Electric Current 745
What Is Physics? 745
Electric Current 746
26-2 Current Density 748
Current Density 749
26-3 Resistance and Resistivity 752
Resistance and Resistivity 753
26-4 Ohm’s Law 756
Ohm’s Law 756
A Microscopic View of Ohm’s Law 758
26-5 Power, Semiconductors, Superconductors 760
Power in Electric Circuits 760
Semiconductors 762
Superconductors 763
Review & summary 763
Questions 764
Problems 765
27 Circuits 771
27-1 Single-Loop Circuits 771
What Is Physics? 772
“Pumping” Charges 772
Work, Energy, and Emf 773
Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit 774
Other Single-Loop Circuits 776
Potential Difference Between Two Points 777
27-2 Multiloop Circuits 781
Multiloop Circuits 781
27-3 The Ammeter and the Voltmeter 788
The Ammeter and the Voltmeter 788
27-4 Rc Circuits 788
RC Circuits 789
Review & summary 793
Questions 793
Problems 795
28 Magnetic Fields 803
28-1 Magnetic Fields and the Definition of B 803
What is Physics? 803
What Produces a Magnetic Field? 804
The Definition of B 804
28-2 Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron 808
Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron 809
28-3 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 810
Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 811
28-4 A Circulating Charged Particle 814
A Circulating Charged Particle 814
28-5 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 817
Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 818
28-6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 820
Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 820
28-7 Torque on a Current Loop 822
Torque on a Current Loop 822
28-8 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 824
The Magnetic Dipole Moment 825
Review & Summary 827
Questions 827
Problems 829
29 Magnetic Fields Due To Currents 836
29-1 Magnetic Field Due To A Current 836
What Is Physics? 836
Calculating The Magnetic Field Due To A Current 837
29-2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 842
Force Between Two Parallel Currents 842
29-3 Ampere’s Law 844
Ampere’s Law 844
29-4 Solenoids And Toroids 848
Solenoids And Toroids 848
29-5 A Current-Carrying Coil As A Magnetic Dipole 851
A Current-Carrying Coil As A Magnetic Dipole 851
Review & Summary 854
Questions 855
Problems 856
30 Induction And Inductance 864
30-1 Faraday’s Law And Lenz’s Law 864
What Is Physics? 864
Two Experiments 865
Faraday’s Law Of Induction 865
Lenz’s Law 868
30-2 Induction And Energy Transfers 871
Induction And Energy Transfers 871
30-3 Induced Electric Fields 874
Induced Electric Fields 875
30-4 Inductors And Inductance 879
Inductors And Inductance 879
30-5 Self-Induction 881
Self-Induction 881
30-6 Rl Circuits 882
Rl Circuits 883
30-7 Energy Stored In A Magnetic Field 887
Energy Stored In A Magnetic Field 887
30-8 Energy Density Of A Magnetic Field 889
Energy Density Of A Magnetic Field 889
30-9 Mutual Induction 890
Mutual Induction 890
Review & Summary 893
Questions 893
Problems 895
31 Electromagnetic Oscillations And Alternating Current 903
31-1 Lc Oscillations 903
What Is Physics? 904
Lc Oscillations, Qualitatively 904
The Electrical-Mechanical Analogy 906
Lc Oscillations, Quantitatively 907
31-2 Damped Oscillations In An Rlc Circuit 910
Damped Oscillations In An Rlc Circuit 911
31-3 Forced Oscillations Of Three Simple Circuits 912
Alternating Current 913
Forced Oscillations 914
Three Simple Circuits 914
31-4 The Series Rlc Circuit 921
The Series Rlc Circuit 921
31-5 Power In Alternating-Current Circuits 927
Power In Alternating-Current Circuits 927
31-6 Transformers 930
Transformers 930
Review & Summary 933
Questions 934
Problems 935
32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism Of Matter 941
32-1 Gauss’ Law For Magnetic Fields 941
What Is Physics? 941
Gauss’ Law For Magnetic Fields 942
32-2 Induced Magnetic Fields 943
Induced Magnetic Fields 943
32-3 Displacement Current 946
Displacement Current 947
Maxwell’s Equations 949
32-4 Magnets 950
Magnets 950
32-5 Magnetism And Electrons 952
Magnetism And Electrons 953
Magnetic Materials 956
32-6 Diamagnetism 957
Diamagnetism 957
32-7 Paramagnetism 959
Paramagnetism 959
32-8 Ferromagnetism 961
Ferromagnetism 961
Review & Summary 964
Questions 965
Problems 967
33 Electromagnetic Waves 972
33-1 Electromagnetic Waves 972
What Is Physics? 972
Maxwell’s Rainbow 973
The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Qualitatively 974
The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Quantitatively 977
33-2 Energy Transport And The Poynting Vector 980
Energy Transport And The Poynting Vector 981
33-3 Radiation Pressure 983
Radiation Pressure 983
33-4 Polarization 985
Polarization 985
33-5 Reflection And Refraction 990
Reflection And Refraction 991
33-6 Total Internal Reflection 996
Total Internal Reflection 996
33-7 Polarization By Reflection 997
Polarization By Reflection 998
Review & Summary 999
Questions 1000
Problems 1001
34 Images 1010
34-1 Images And Plane Mirrors 1010
What Is Physics? 1010
Two Types Of Image 1010
Plane Mirrors 1012
34-2 Spherical Mirrors 1014
Spherical Mirrors 1015
Images From Spherical Mirrors 1016
34-3 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 1020
Spherical Refracting Surfaces 1020
34-4 Thin Lenses 1023
Thin Lenses 1023
34-5 Optical Instruments 1030
Optical Instruments 1030
34-6 Three Proofs 1033
Review & Summary 1036
Questions 1037
Problems 1038
35 Interference 1047
35-1 Light As A Wave 1047
What Is Physics? 1047
Light As A Wave 1048
35-2 Young’s Interference Experiment 1053
Diffraction 1053
Young’s Interference Experiment 1054
35-3 Interference And Double-Slit Intensity 1059
Coherence 1059
Intensity In Double-Slit Interference 1060
35-4 Interference From Thin Films 1063
Interference From Thin Films 1064
35-5 Michelson’s Interferometer 1070
Michelson’s Interferometer 1071
Review & Summary 1072
Questions 1072
Problems 1074
36 Diffraction 1081
36-1 Single-Slit Diffraction 1081
What Is Physics? 1081
Diffraction And The Wave Theory Of Light 1081
Diffraction By A Single Slit: Locating The Minima 1083
36-2 Intensity In Single-Slit Diffraction 1086
Intensity In Single-Slit Diffraction 1086
Intensity In Single-Slit Diffraction, Quantitatively 1088
36-3 Diffraction By A Circular Aperture 1090
Diffraction By A Circular Aperture 1091
36-4 Diffraction By A Double Slit 1094
Diffraction By A Double Slit 1095
36-5 Diffraction Gratings 1098
Diffraction Gratings 1098
36-6 Gratings: Dispersion And Resolving Power 1101
Gratings: Dispersion And Resolving Power 1101
36-7 X-Ray Diffraction 1104
X-Ray Diffraction 1104
Review & Summary 1107
Questions 1107
Problems 1108
37 Relativity 1116
37-1 Simultaneity And Time Dilation 1116
What Is Physics? 1116
The Postulates 1117
Measuring An Event 1118
The Relativity Of Simultaneity 1120
The Relativity Of Time 1121
37-2 The Relativity Of Length 1125
The Relativity Of Length 1126
37-3 The Lorentz Transformation 1129
The Lorentz Transformation 1129
Some Consequences Of The Lorentz Equations 1131
37-4 The Relativity Of Velocities 1133
The Relativity Of Velocities 1133
37-5 Doppler Effect For Light 1134
Doppler Effect For Light 1135
37-6 Momentum And Energy 1137
A New Look At Momentum 1138
A New Look At Energy 1138
Review & Summary 1143
Questions 1144
Problems 1145
38 Photons And Matter Waves 1153
38-1 The Photon, The Quantum Of Light 1153
What Is Physics? 1153
The Photon, The Quantum Of Light 1154
38-2 The Photoelectric Effect 1155
The Photoelectric Effect 1156
38-3 Photons, Momentum, Compton Scattering, Light Interference 1158
Photons Have Momentum 1159
Light As A Probability Wave 1162
38-4 The Birth Of Quantum Physics 1164
The Birth Of Quantum Physics 1165
38-5 Electrons And Matter Waves 1166
Electrons And Matter Waves 1167
38-6 Schrödinger’s Equation 1170
Schrödinger’s Equation 1170
38-7 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1172
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1173
38-8 Reflection From A Potential Step 1174
Reflection From A Potential Step 1174
38-9 Tunneling Through A Potential Barrier 1176
Tunneling Through A Potential Barrier 1176
Review & Summary 1179
Questions 1180
Problems 1181
39 More About Matter Waves 1186
39-1 Energies Of A Trapped Electron 1186
What Is Physics? 1186
String Waves And Matter Waves 1187
Energies Of A Trapped Electron 1187
39-2 Wave Functions Of A Trapped Electron 1191
Wave Functions Of A Trapped Electron 1192
39-3 An Electron In A Finite Well 1195
An Electron In A Finite Well 1195
39-4 Two- And Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1197
More Electron Traps 1197
Two- And Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1200
39-5 The Hydrogen Atom 1201
The Hydrogen Atom Is An Electron Trap 1202
The Bohr Model Of Hydrogen, A Lucky Break 1203
Schrödinger’s Equation And The Hydrogen Atom 1205
Review & Summary 1213
Questions 1213
Problems 1214
40 All About Atoms 1219
40-1 Properties Of Atoms 1219
What Is Physics? 1220
Some Properties Of Atoms 1220
Angular Momentum, Magnetic Dipole Moments 1222
40-2 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1226
The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1226
40-3 Magnetic Resonance 1229
Magnetic Resonance 1229
40-4 Exclusion Principle And Multiple Electrons In A Trap 1230
The Pauli Exclusion Principle 1230
Multiple Electrons In Rectangular Traps 1231
40-5 Building The Periodic Table 1234
Building The Periodic Table 1234
40-6 X Rays And The Ordering Of The Elements 1236
X Rays And The Ordering Of The Elements 1237
40-7 Lasers 1240
Lasers And Laser Light 1241
How Lasers Work 1242
Review & Summary 1245
Questions 1246
Problems 1247
41 Conduction Of Electricity In Solids 1252
41-1 The Electrical Properties Of Metals 1252
What Is Physics? 1253
The Electrical Properties Of Solids 1253
Energy Levels In A Crystalline Solid 1254
Insulators 1254
Metals 1255
41-2 Semiconductors And Doping 1261
Semiconductors 1262
Doped Semiconductors 1263
41-3 The P-N Junction And The Transistor 1265
The P-Njunction 1266
The Junction Rectifier 1267
The Light-Emitting Diode (Led) 1268
The Transistor 1270
Review & Summary 1271
Questions 1272
Problems 1272
42 Nuclear Physics 1276
42-1 Discovering The Nucleus 1276
What Is Physics? 1276
Discovering The Nucleus 1276
42-2 Some Nuclear Properties 1279
Some Nuclear Properties 1280
42-3 Radioactive Decay 1286
Radioactive Decay 1286
42-4 Alpha Decay 1289
Alpha Decay 1289
42-5 Beta Decay 1292
Beta Decay 1292
42-6 Radioactive Dating 1295
Radioactive Dating 1295
42-7 Measuring Radiation Dosage 1296
Measuring Radiation Dosage 1296
42-8 Nuclear Models 1297
Nuclear Models 1297
Review & Summary 1300
Questions 1301
Problems 1302
43 Energy From The Nucleus 1309
43-1 Nuclear Fission 1309
What Is Physics? 1309
Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process 1310
A Model For Nuclear Fission 1312
43-2 The Nuclear Reactor 1316
The Nuclear Reactor 1316
43-3 A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1320
A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1320
43-4 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1322
Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1322
43-5 Thermonuclear Fusion In The Sun And Other Stars 1324
Thermonuclear Fusion In The Sun And Other Stars 1324
43-6 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1326
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1326
Review & Summary 1329
Questions 1329
Problems 1330
44 Quarks, Leptons, And The Big Bang 1334
44-1 General Properties Of Elementary Particles 1334
What Is Physics? 1334
Particles, Particles, Particles 1335
An Interlude 1339
44-2 Leptons, Hadrons, And Strangeness 1343
The Leptons 1343
The Hadrons 1345
Still Another Conservation Law 1346
The Eightfold Way 1347
44-3 Quarks And Messenger Particles 1349
The Quark Model 1349
The Basic Forces And Messenger Particles 1352
44-4 Cosmology 1355
A Pause for Reflection 1355
The Universe Is Expanding 1356
The Cosmic Background Radiation 1357
Dark Matter 1358
The Big Bang 1358
A Summing Up 1361
Review & Summary 1362
Questions 1362
Problems 1363
Appendices
A The International System of Units (Si) A-1
B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3
C Some Astronomical Data A-4
D Conversion Factors A-5
E Mathematical Formulas A-9
F Properties of the Elements A-12
G Periodic Table of the Elements A-15
Answers
To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems An-1
Index I-1
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