Funding Democratization

Democracy is a fine political system, but an expensive economic venture. Political parties and election campaigns cost money. Where does the money come from and at what sacrifice? Issues connected with political finance are significant but often neglected aspects of the process of democratization. Funding Democratization examines how money and politics interact in emerging democracies. The contributors investigate the funding of political parties in early North America, financial uncertainties of party formation in European countries, funding of democratization in new democracies, and the influence of funding on contenders for power. They also address the nature of political competition in countries that are seeking to embrace, often for the first time, the rules of democracy. They question in what ways politicians can help make democracy affordable.

List of tables	p. ix
List of contributors	p. x
Acknowledgements	p. xii
Introduction: money and politics in emerging democracies	p. 1
Democracy, democratization and political competition	p. 2
Costing democracy	p. 4
Money for democratization, and the issue of corruption	p. 7
Funding regimes	p. 10
Funding democratization then and now	p. 13
Conclusion	p. 17
The funding of political parties in North America: the early years	p. 22
The idea of corruption in relation to party funding	p. 23
United States: introduction and background	p. 24
The 'myth' of nineteenth-century party funding in the United States	p. 27
Contrasts with political funding in the late twentieth century	p. 30
The demand for funds - the nature of party competition	p. 32
The supply of funds from American society	p. 34
The system of 'self-generated' funding	p. 36
Patronage and the late-nineteenth-century Canadian state	p. 38
Problems of party funding in North America	p. 42
Financial uncertainties of party formation and consolidation in Britain, Germany and Italy: the early years in theoretical perspective	p. 47
From personal wealth to patronage	p. 49
From large donors to a multitude of small subscriptions	p. 53
The diffusion of the mass party technique	p. 59
Expanding the range of financial sources	p. 61
Conclusion	p. 67
Party funding in a new democracy: Spain	p. 73
Improvisation during the transition	p. 74
The effects of funding arrangements	p. 79
The need for reform	p. 85
Conclusion	p. 89
Chile's new democracy: political funding and economic transformation	p. 94
Sources of party funding	p. 100
Party funding before military rule and during the transition	p. 103
Political campaigning in the new democracy	p. 107
Government proposals to regulate electoral campaign finance	p. 111
Conclusion	p. 112
Funding parties and elections in Brazil	p. 116
The institutional background	p. 117
Party and campaign funding	p. 123
Conclusion	p. 132
Party funding in post-communist east-central Europe	p. 137
Party accounts: the balance-sheet	p. 137
Party funding and the state	p. 139
State reimbursement of election campaign expenses	p. 142
Deputies' salaries and expenses	p. 145
Funding party clubs	p. 146
Disputations of the communist inheritance	p. 149
Conclusion	p. 153
The iceberg of Russian political finance	p. 158
The institutional framework and the resources of the political game	p. 159
The iceberg of political finance: the above-water and under-water elements	p. 164
Can elections be bought?	p. 171
Conclusion	p. 176
Building democracy on the basis of capitalism: towards an east Asian model of party funding	p. 180
Japan: the early postwar years	p. 182
Taiwan and South Korea	p. 187
Japanese reform proposals and the 1996 general election	p. 195
Conclusion	p. 197
Political party funding in southern Africa	p. 202
Decolonization, independence and the funding of political parties in southern Africa	p. 203
Funding democracy in southern Africa from 1989	p. 205
Conclusion	p. 223
Conclusion	p. 229
Reporting party income or expenditures	p. 235
Prohibitions on particular sources of funds	p. 237
Restrictions on certain expenditures that parties can make	p. 240
A ban on purchasing particular services and/or a requirement that they be provided free of charge	p. 241
Public funding of parties	p. 242
Index	p. 245
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Funding Democratization

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