Future-Proof Science

Is science getting at the truth? The sceptics - those who spread doubt about science - often employ a simple argument: scientists were 'sure' in the past, and then they ended up being wrong. Through a combination of historical investigation and philosophical-sociological analysis, Identifying Future-Proof Science defends science against this potentially dangerous scepticism. Indeed, we can confidently identify many scientific claims that are future-proof: they will last forever, so long as science continues. How do we identify future-proof claims? This appears to be a new question for science scholars, and not an unimportant one. Peter Vickers argues that the best way to identify future-proof science is to avoid any attempt to analyse the relevant first-order scientific evidence, instead focusing purely on second-order evidence. Specifically, a scientific claim is future-proof when the relevant scientific community is large, international, and diverse, and at least 95% of that community would describe the claim as a 'scientific fact'. In the entire history of science, no claim meeting these criteria has ever been overturned, despite enormous opportunity.

Peter Vickers, Professor of Philosophy and Co-Director of the Centre for Humanities Engaging Science and Society (CHESS), University of Durham

Peter Vickers is Professor of Philosophy and Co-Director of the Centre for Humanities Engaging Science and Society (CHESS) at the University of Durham, UK. His research interests include philosophy of astrobiology, social epistemology, and the relationships between evidence, facts, and truth. Vickers's first book, Understanding Inconsistent Science, was published by Oxford University Press in 2013.

Preface
List of Figures
1. What is future-proof science?
2. The historical challenge to future-proof science: the debate so far
3. Meckel's successful prediction of gill slits: a case of misleading evidence?
4. The Tiktaalik 'missing link' novel predictive success and the evidence for evolution
5. The judgement of the scientific community: lessons from continental drift
6. Fundamental physics and the special vulnerability to underdetermination
7. Do we know how the dinosaurs died?
8. Scientific knowledge in a pandemic
9. Core argument, objections, replies, and outlook
Bibliography
Index