- ISBN: 9781405185820 | 1405185821
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 11/2/2009
An important resource for all interested in worm control in sheep and cattle, and the impacts of drug resistance. This book provides an over-arching view of past, present and suggested future strategies for control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites. Essential reading for those with a vested interest in the development of sustainable parasite control programs.
Ian Sutherland is Team Leader for Parasite Biotechnology, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Ian Scott is a Senior Lecturer in Parasitology, Massey University, New Zealand.
| Foreword | p. ix |
| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
| Nematode parasites | p. 1 |
| The nematodes | p. 1 |
| The important nematode genera and species parasitising ruminant livestock | p. 2 |
| Abomasal genera | p. 3 |
| Small intestinal genera | p. 4 |
| Large intestinal genera | p. 6 |
| Nematode evolution | p. 6 |
| The transition to parasitism | p. 8 |
| Nematode biology | p. 9 |
| Nematode genetics | p. 14 |
| Nematode physiology | p. 15 |
| The dauer larva | p. 17 |
| Anhydrobiosis | p. 17 |
| The nematode life cycle | p. 18 |
| Niches occupied by parasitic nematodes within the vertebrate host | p. 23 |
| The lifespan of parasitic nematodes | p. 26 |
| Pathophysiology of nematode infections | p. 33 |
| Are parasites always harmful? | p. 33 |
| Defining 'harmĘ | p. 34 |
| The abomasum | p. 36 |
| The small intestine | p. 42 |
| The large intestine | p. 43 |
| The impact of parasites on overall gut function | p. 43 |
| Effects beyond the gut | p. 47 |
| Epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing ruminants | p. 61 |
| Ecology of GINs-pasture | p. 61 |
| Egg to L3 development | p. 62 |
| Effect of host | p. 63 |
| Survival of L3 | p. 63 |
| Translation of infective larvae | p. 64 |
| Grazing behaviour and the avoidance of parasites | p. 65 |
| Patterns of infection | p. 66 |
| Overdispersion of parasites | p. 67 |
| Epidemiology of 'parasitismĘ | p. 67 |
| An increase in the infective mass | p. 68 |
| Alteration in the susceptibility of stock | p. 69 |
| Arrested development and hypobiosis | p. 70 |
| Introduction of susceptible stock onto an infected area | p. 70 |
| Insufficient age-related immunity | p. 71 |
| The introduction of infected stock to a clean environment | p. 71 |
| Epidemiology of cattle parasites | p. 72 |
| Population biology in the parasitic phase | p. 72 |
| Sheep parasites | p. 73 |
| Cattle parasites | p. 75 |
| The principles of gastrointestinal nematode control | p. 83 |
| Control of parasites with anthelmintic drenches | p. 83 |
| Drench programmes | p. 84 |
| Strategic drenching programmes | p. 85 |
| Principles of worm control in cattle | p. 88 |
| Control of GIN by grazing management | p. 88 |
| Alternate/mixed grazing with different host species or stock classes | p. 89 |
| Resistance to treatment | p. 91 |
| Anthelmintics | p. 95 |
| What are anthelmintics? | p. 96 |
| How effective does an anthelmintic have to be? | p. 96 |
| Which species does an anthelmintic against GIN need to remove? | p. 97 |
| Description, efficacy, profile and mode of action of anthelmintic families | p. 98 |
| Combination of anthelmintic treatments | p. 107 |
| Modifying the delivery of anthelmintics | p. 107 |
| Parenteral administration | p. 108 |
| Controlled release of anthelmintics | p. 108 |
| Injectable formulations | p. 109 |
| Anthelmintic resistance | p. 117 |
| Evolution of anthelmintic resistance | p. 118 |
| Worldwide occurrence of anthelmintic resistance | p. 118 |
| Resistance to one or more active families by one or more species | p. 119 |
| Impact of resistance on productivity | p. 120 |
| Mechanisms of resistance | p. 120 |
| Inheritance of resistance | p. 123 |
| Detection of resistance | p. 124 |
| Drenching and resistance | p. 133 |
| Frequency of treatment | p. 134 |
| Under-dosing | p. 134 |
| Persistent anthelmintics | p. 135 |
| Why use persistent drenches? | p. 137 |
| The provision of safe pasture and resistance | p. 137 |
| Persistence and efficacy | p. 138 |
| Therapeutic efficacy and resistance-'head selectionĘ | p. 139 |
| Prophylactic efficacy and resistance-'tail selectionĘ | p. 140 |
| Heads or tails? | p. 141 |
| Persistent activity, immunity and resistance | p. 142 |
| Persistent activity, density dependence and resistance | p. 143 |
| Drench rotation | p. 143 |
| Controlling resistance by drench rotation | p. 143 |
| Drench rotation within seasons | p. 145 |
| Modelling drench rotation | p. 145 |
| Combination anthelmintics | p. 146 |
| Removing resistant worm burdens | p. 146 |
| Efficacy of single actives vs. combinations | p. 146 |
| The odds are against multiple mutations | p. 147 |
| Resistance is already present to one or more constituent active | p. 148 |
| Worm control and resistance management | p. 153 |
| What is refugia? | p. 155 |
| Why do we need refugia? | p. 155 |
| How to produce and utilise refugia | p. 157 |
| Importation of resistant parasites | p. 159 |
| A twin approach to worm control and resistance management-utilising refugia and combination drenches | p. 160 |
| 'Non-chemicalĘ control options | p. 163 |
| Anthelmintic plants | p. 163 |
| Plant material | p. 165 |
| Plant extracts | p. 166 |
| PSM as anthelmintics | p. 167 |
| Forage legumes | p. 168 |
| Practical applicability on-farm | p. 169 |
| Other anthelmintic plants | p. 170 |
| Micro-predacious fungi | p. 170 |
| Homoeopathy | p. 171 |
| Nutrition and parasitism | p. 177 |
| Metabolic cost of parasitism | p. 177 |
| Metabolic cost of infection | p. 178 |
| Metabolic costs of immunity | p. 180 |
| Parasites and nutrition: a nutrient utilisation framework | p. 183 |
| Supplementation for increased resilience to parasites | p. 184 |
| Supplementation for increased resistance to parasites | p. 185 |
| Reproducing animals | p. 185 |
| Undernutrition and parasitism | p. 186 |
| Micronutrients and parasitism | p. 187 |
| Improving nutrient availability | p. 188 |
| Forage plants and parasitism | p. 188 |
| Supplementation and immunity: increasing or enabling? | p. 189 |
| Animal genetics and parasitism | p. 195 |
| Inter-species variability | p. 195 |
| Inter-breed variability | p. 196 |
| Intra-breed variability | p. 198 |
| Resistance vs. productivity | p. 199 |
| Resilience | p. 200 |
| Pasture contamination, resistance and resilience | p. 201 |
| Markers for resistance and resilience | p. 201 |
| Phenotypic markers | p. 202 |
| Genotypic markers | p. 203 |
| Genetics, worm control and resistance management | p. 204 |
| The immune response to parasites | p. 211 |
| Evolution of the host-parasite relationship | p. 212 |
| Immunity and GIN population dynamics | p. 213 |
| The immune phenotype | p. 214 |
| Immunological unresponsiveness | p. 214 |
| Components of host responses to GI parasites | p. 215 |
| Adaptive immune responses to GINs | p. 218 |
| The anti-GIN immune response in cattle to O. ostertagi | p. 221 |
| Impact of immunity on parasites | p. 222 |
| Immunopathology | p. 223 |
| Periparturient rise | p. 223 |
| Utilising immune responses to control GIN | p. 223 |
| Natural antigens | p. 224 |
| Hidden antigens | p. 225 |
| What next for immunoparasitology research? | p. 226 |
| Postscript | p. 235 |
| Index | p. 237 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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