Gender and Economic Growth in Tanzania:

While Tanzania has been at the forefront of creating a positive legal framework and political context for gender equality, certain legal, regulatory, and administrative barriers still hinder women's full participation in private sector development. This report analyzes these barriers and makes recommendations for needed change, to ensure women's full contribution to private sector development and economic growth in Tanzania.Building on intensive stakeholder consultations and the findings of numerous studies, notably the MKURABITA diagnostic and the 2003/4 Investment Climate Assessments for Tanzania and Zanzibar, this report examines these gender-related barriers to growth and investment. It highlights legal and administrative constraints that have a disproportionately negative effect on female-headed businesses, and makes recommendations for needed reforms.Addressing these issues would not only help unlock the full economic potential of women, but would help improve the environment for all businesses in Tanzania. While Tanzania's economic growth has been strong, this report finds that if the country were to bring female secondary schooling and female total years of schooling to the same level as now enjoyed by males, this could produce up to an additional annual percentage point of growth-a valuable contribution to achieving the 6-8 percent annual growth targets of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP or MKUKUTA).

Matrix of Recommendations	p. 11
Gender and Economic Growth in Tanzania	p. 23
Women and Men in the Tanzanian Economy	p. 24
Nonmarket Work and Time Use	p. 28
Gender and Growth - Macro- and Microperspectives	p. 35
Notes	p. 38
Starting and Closing a Business	p. 41
The Costs of Starting a Business	p. 42
Key Recommendations	p. 47
Notes	p. 48
Access to Land and Site Development	p. 49
Property Rights	p. 49
Key Recommendations	p. 59
Notes	p. 60
Access to Finance	p. 63
Constraints of Limited Access to Finance	p. 63
Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations (SACCOs)	p. 68
Formal Financing	p. 69
Reform of the System for Registration of Securities over Movable Assets	p. 69
Asset Leasing	p. 72
Key Recommendations	p. 77
Notes	p. 78
Operating a Business - Taxation, Infrastructure, and Access to Day Care	p. 81
Problems with Tax Administration	p. 81
Key Recommendations	p. 87
Notes	p. 87
Labor Laws - How They Affect Women	p. 89
Gender Gaps in Opportunity	p. 89
Key Recommendations	p. 93
Notes	p. 94
Access to Commercial Justice	p. 95
Legal Mechanisms	p. 95
Key Recommendations	p. 99
Notes	p. 100
Access to International Trade	p. 101
Tanzania's Benefits from Increased Trade	p. 101
Key Recommendations	p. 112
Notes	p. 113
The Way Forward	p. 115
Working with Partners to Bring About Reform	p. 115
Entry Points for Reform	p. 117
Moving Ahead	p. 120
Note	p. 120
Notes on Data and Methodology for the Gender and Growth Chapter	p. 121
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Gender and Economic Growth in Tanzania: Creating Opportunities for Women

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