Gender & Jobs

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ISBN: 9789221095248 | 922109524X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/1/1998

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The segregation of men and women into different occupations is one of the most important and enduring aspects of labor markets around the world. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the levels and recent changes in the sex segregation of occupations. It is based on detailed occupational data from 41 countries or territories from all regions of the world. A number of findings will surprise readers, such as the higher level of occupational segregation in Scandinavia as compared to other industrialized countries, the lower level of occupational segregation in Asia as compared to Europe, and the truly restricted and stereotyped choice of occupations open to women.

Acknowledgements

Part I: Introduction and background

(50)

Introduction

(11)

Background

(1)

Special aspects of this book

(2)

Indications of international concern

(1)

Why occupational segregation of men and women is an important topic

(2)

Should occupational segregation by sex be completely eliminated?

(1)

Occupational segregation is not always bad for women and good for men

(1)

Difference between sex and gender

(1)

Usefulness of cross-national analysis

(1)

Description of contents of this book

(3)

Theories and explanations for occupational segregation by sex

(24)

Neoclassical, human capital model

(5)

Institutional and labour market segmentation theories

(2)

Feminist (gender) theories and other explanations

(8)

Female-male pay differentials and occupational segregation by sex

(8)

Review of cross-national studies of occupational segregation by sex

(13)

Part II: Description of study data and occupational segregation statistics

(102)

Comparability of data between countries and within countries over time

(15)

Country coverage

(1)

Data sources

(1)

Worker coverage

(1)

Definition and measurement of employment

(1)

Rules and procedures for coding occupations

(1)

National classifications of occupations

(1)

Comparability over time of national occupational classifications and of adjusted data

(1)

Consistency and possible errors in national data

(6)

Measuring occupational segregation

(27)

Inequality indices for measuring occupational segregation by sex

(11)

Dividing the labour force into gender-dominated and gender-integrated occupations

(15)

Intuitive meaning of the index of dissimilarity (ID)

(6)

Sensitivity of segregation statistics to degree of disaggregation in occupational classification

(43)

Study evidence on sensitivity of inequality statistics to degree of disaggregation in occupational classification

(16)

Estimating adjusted national ID values with increased comparability by taking into account number of occupations in national classification

115

(2)

Study evidence on the relationship between percentage of workers in female-dominated and male-dominated occupations to degree of detail in occupational classification

117

(21)

International standard classification of occupations (ISCO-68)

130

(8)

Description of study regions

138

(15)

OECD countries

139

(3)

Transition Economies

142

(3)

Middle East and North Africa

145

(2)

Asia/Pacific

147

(2)

Other Developing Countries and Areas

149

(4)

Part III: Occupational segregation around the world---The present situation

153

(162)

Occupational segregation by sex based on data for six non-agricultural occupations

155

(19)

Occupational structure based on six major non-agricultural occupations

156

(1)

Occupational segregation by sex for six major non-agricultural occupations

157

(17)

Occupational segregation by sex based on detailed occupational data: Inequality indices

174

(32)

Index of dissimilarity (ID) and occupational segregation by sex in the world today

174

(13)

Socio-economic, labour market and regional determinants of occupational segregation (as measured by ID75)

187

(8)

Occupational segregation by sex in the world if one assumed that one-half of the labour force is female and that supposedly non-working women are in fact working in a new occupation entitled ``unpaid housepersons and care-givers''

195

(11)

Estimation of adjusted ID (i.e. ID75)

202

(4)

Occupational segregation by sex based on detailed occupational data: Extent to which occupations are male-dominated or female-dominated

206

(44)

Extensiveness of gender-dominated occupations based on unadjusted study data

207

(6)

Adjusting national data to increase cross-national comparability

213

(2)

Male workers and male-dominated occupations

215

(7)

Female workers and female-dominated occupations

222

(5)

Total non-agricultural labour force and gender-dominated occupations

227

(23)

Estimation of adjusting national values to 75 non-agricultural occupations for percentage of female non-agricultural labour force in female-dominated occupations (FDOM75), male non-agricultural labour force in male-dominated occupations (MDOM75) and total non-agricultural labour force in gender-dominated occupations (TDOM75) by taking into account the level of disaggregation in national occupational classifications

235

(9)

Extent to which occupations are gender-concentrated, gender-integrated and gender-underrepresented using a relative concept of gender dominance

244

(3)

Percentage of male, female and total non-agricultural labour forces with occupations having between 77.50 and 82.49 per cent of workers either males or females

247

(3)

Occupations typically held by men and women

250

(47)

Seventeen typical ``male'' and ``female'' occupations

252

(24)

Five largest female-dominated occupations

276

(9)

Five largest occupations for women

285

(12)

Patterns in occupational segregation by sex based on combinations of different inequality statistics

297

(18)

Correlations between inequality statistics

298

(1)

Factors analysis and patterns of inequality statistics

299

(2)

Regional patterns in inequality statistics

301

(3)

OECD subregional patterns in inequality statistics

304

(11)

Extent to which gender-dominated occupations are comprised of male-dominated or female-dominated occupations

307

(8)

Part IV: Occupational segregation by sex around the world---changes in the past two decades

315

(86)

Recent changes in occupational segregation by sex based on inequality indices

319

(36)

Recent changes in occupational segregation by sex as measured by adjusted index of dissimilarity (ID)

319

(10)

Extent to which changes in ID are due to changes in the feminization of occupations or changes in the occupational structure of employment

329

(8)

Recent changes in occupational segregation by sex as measured by marginal matching index (MM)

337

(1)

Recent changes in occupational segregation by sex as measured by IDHALF

337

(5)

Regression analysis of the relationship between changes in ID and labour market variables

342

(13)

Changes in standardized ID due to changes in the sex composition of occupations (which assume that all occupations are the same size)

350

(3)

Changes in Marginal Matching index

353

(2)

Recent changes in the extent to which male and female non-agricultural labour forces are in gender-dominated occupations

355

(18)

Recent changes for male-dominated non-agricultural occupations

355

(10)

Recent changes for female-dominated non-agricultural occupations

365

(8)

Recent changes in the feminization of 17 important ``male'' and ``female'' occupations

373

(28)

Changes in the feminization of eight typical ``male'' occupations

375

(16)

Changes in the feminization of nine typical ``female'' occupations

391

(10)

Part V: Main findings

401

(18)

Summary and conclusion

403

(16)

Importance of topic

403

(1)

Background on earlier studies and objectives of this book

403

(1)

Some major methodological findings

404

(3)

Some major findings for occupational segregation by sex in the world today

407

(4)

Some major findings for recent changes in occupational segregation by sex in the world

411

(5)

Concluding remarks

416

(3)

Bibliography

419

(12)

Index

431

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Gender & Jobs

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Gender & Jobs

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