General Chemistry With Qualitative Analysis

, by Whitten, Kenneth W.; Davis, Raymond E.; Peck, Larry

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ISBN: 9780030212178 | 0030212170
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/19/1999

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This best-selling text is summarized by "classic text, modern presentation." Its emphasis on fundamental skills and concepts and clearly explained problem-solving strategies continues to be a strength. The revision builds on the highly praised style and applications to everyday life that have earned this text a reputation as the voice of authority in general chemistry.

To the Instructor

xvii

Supplements

xxii

Acknowledgments

xxiv

To the Student

xxvii

The Foundations of Chemistry

(45)

Matter and Energy

(2)

States of Matter

(1)

Chemical and Physical Properties

(3)

Chemical and Physical Changes

(1)

Mixtures, Substances, Compounds, and Elements

(6)

Chemistry in Use The Resources of the Ocean

(5)

Measurements of Chemistry

(2)

Units of Measurement

(2)

Use of Numbers

(6)

The Unit Factor Method (Dimensional Analysis)

(4)

Percentage

(1)

Density and specific Gravity

(3)

Heat and Temperature

(3)

Heat Transfer and the Measurement of Heat

(9)

Key terms

(1)

Exercises

(5)

Chemical Formulas and Composition Stoichiometry

(42)

Atoms and Molecules

(3)

Chemical Formulas

(2)

Ions and Ionic Compounds

(2)

Names and Formulas of Some Ionic Compounds

(2)

Atomic Weights

(1)

The Mole

(6)

Chemistry in Use Avogadro's Number

(2)

Formula Weights, Molecular Weights, and Moles

(3)

Percent Composition and Formulas of Compounds

(4)

Chemistry in Use Names of the Elements

(2)

Derivation of Formulas from Elemental composition

(4)

Determination of Molecular Formulas

(3)

Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas

(3)

Purity of Samples

(8)

Key Terms

(1)

Exercises

(6)

Chemical Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry

(33)

Chemical Equations

(2)

Calculations Based on Chemical Equations

(4)

The Limiting Reactant Concept

(3)

Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions

(2)

Sequential Reactions

101

(2)

Concentrations of Solutions

103

(4)

Dilution of Solutions

107

(3)

Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions

110

(11)

Key Terms

112

(1)

Exercises

113

(8)

Some Types of chemical Reactions

121

(54)

The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

123

(6)

Chemistry in Use The discovery of Phosphorus

128

(1)

Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction

129

(5)

Reactions in Aqueous solutions

134

(6)

Oxidation Numbers

Classifying chemical Reactions

140

(1)

Oxidation--Reduction Reactions: An Introduction

140

(4)

Combination Reactions

144

(2)

Decomposition Reactions

146

(1)

Displacement Reactions

147

(6)

Chemistry in Use Troublesome Displacement Reactions

149

(4)

Metathesis Reactions

153

(7)

Summary of Reaction Types

160

(2)

Naming Inorganic Compounds

160

(2)

Naming Binary Compounds

162

(3)

Naming Ternary Acids and Their Salts

165

(10)

Key Terms

167

(1)

Exercises

168

(7)

The Structure of Atoms

175

(59)

Subatomic Particles

177

(1)

Fundamental Particles

177

(1)

The discovery of Electrons

178

(2)

Canal Rays and Protons

180

(1)

Rutherford and Nuclear Atom

181

(2)

Atomic Number

183

(1)

Neutrons

184

(1)

Mass Number and Isotopes

184

(2)

Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Abundance

186

(5)

Chemistry in Use Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis

188

(3)

The Atomic Weight Scale and Atomic Weights

191

(2)

The Electronic Structures of Atoms

193

(1)

Electromagnetic Radiation

193

(4)

The Photoelectric Effect

197

(1)

Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom

198

(6)

Enrichment The Bohr Theory and the Balmer-Rydberg Equation

201

(3)

The Wave nature of the Electron

204

(1)

The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Atom

205

(3)

Enrichment The Schrodinger Equation

207

(1)

Quantum Numbers

208

(1)

Atomic Orbitals

209

(5)

Electron configurations

214

(8)

Enrichment Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism

218

(4)

The Periodic Table and Electron configurations

222

(12)

Key Terms

225

(2)

Exercises

227

(7)

Chemical Periodicity

234

(35)

More About the Periodic Table

235

(5)

Chemistry in Use The Periodic Table

237

(1)

Chemistry in Use Glenn Seaborg: A Human Side to the Modern Periodic Table

238

(1)

Periodic Properties of the Elements

239

(1)

Atomic Radii

240

(2)

Ionization Energy

242

(3)

Electron Affinity

245

(3)

Ionic Radii

248

(2)

Electronegativity

250

(1)

Chemical Reactions and Periodicity

251

(1)

Hydrogen and the Hydrides

251

(4)

Oxygen and the Oxides

255

(14)

Key Terms

264

(1)

Exercises

265

(4)

Chemical Bonding

269

(36)

Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms

271

(1)

Ionic Bonding

272

(1)

Formation of Ionic compounds

272

(7)

Enrichment Introduction to Energy Relationships in Ionic Bonding

277

(1)

Covalent Bonding

278

(1)

Formation of Covalent Bonds

279

(1)

Lewis Formulas for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions

280

(1)

The Octet Rule

281

(6)

Resonance

287

(4)

Enrichment Formal Charges

289

(2)

Limitations of the Octet Rule for Lewis Formulas

291

(5)

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

296

(1)

Dipole Moments

297

(1)

The Continuous Range of Bonding Types

298

(7)

Key Terms

299

(1)

Exercises

300

(5)

Molecular Structure and Covalent Bonding Theories

305

(47)

A Preview of the Chapter

307

(2)

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

309

(1)

Polar Molecules: The Influence of Molecular Geometry

310

(3)

Valence Bond (VB) Theory

313

(1)

Molecular Shapes and Bonding

314

(1)

Linear Electronic Geometry: AB2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)

314

(2)

Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)

316

(2)

Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)

318

(5)

Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB3U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A)

323

(5)

Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB2U2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons of A)

328

(2)

Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: ABU3 Species (Three Lone Pairs of Electrons of A)

330

(1)

Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB5, AB4U, AB3U2, and AB2U3

331

(4)

OctahedraL Electronic Geometry: AB6, AB5U, and AB4U2

335

(5)

Compounds Containing Double Bonds

340

(2)

Compounds Containing Triple Bonds

342

(1)

A Summary of Electronic and Molecular Geometries

343

(9)

Key Terms

345

(1)

Exercises

346

(6)

Molecular Orbitals in chemical Bonding

352

(19)

Molecular Orbitals

354

(3)

Molecular Orbital Energy Level Diagrams

357

(1)

Bond Order and Bond Stability

358

(1)

Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

359

(3)

Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules

362

(3)

Delocalization and the Shapes of Molecular Orbitals

365

(6)

Key Terms

368

(1)

Exercises

368

(3)

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I: Acids, Bases, and Salts

371

(28)

Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Acids and Bases

373

(1)

The Arrhenius Theory

374

(1)

The Hydronium Ion (Hydrated Hydrogen Ion)

374

(1)

Bronsted-Lowry Theory

375

(3)

The Autoionization of Water

378

(1)

Amphoterism

378

(2)

Chemistry in Use Everyday Salts of Ternary Acids

379

(1)

Strengths of Acids

380

(4)

Acid-Base Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

384

(2)

Acidic and Basic Salts

386

(1)

The Lewis Theory

387

(4)

The Preparation of Acids

391

(8)

Key Terms

392

(1)

Exercises

393

(6)

Reactions of Aqueous Solutions II: Calculations

399

(34)

Aqueous Acid-Base Reactions

400

(1)

Calculations Involving Molarity

401

(4)

Titrations

405

(3)

The Mole Method and Molarity

408

(3)

Equivalent weights and Normality

411

(5)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

415

(1)

The Half-Reaction Method

416

(1)

Adding H+, OH-, or H2O to Balance Oxygen or Hydrogen

417

(3)

Change-in-Oxidation-Number Method

420

(5)

Stoichiometry of Redox Reactions

425

(8)

Key Terms

427

(1)

Exercises

428

(5)

Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory

433

(50)

Comparison of solids, Liquids, and Gases

435

(1)

Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases

435

(1)

Pressure

436

(5)

Chemistry in Use The Greenhouse Effect

438

(3)

Boyle's Law: The Volume-Pressure Relationship

441

(3)

Charles's Law: The Volume-Temperature Relationship; The Absolute Temperature Scale

444

(2)

Standard Temperature and Pressure

446

(1)

The Combined Gas Law Equation

446

(2)

Avogadro's Law and the Standard Molar Volume

448

(2)

Summary of Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation

450

(4)

Determination of Molecular Weights and Molecular Formulas of Gaseous Substances

454

(2)

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

456

(6)

Mass--Volume Relationships in Reactions Involving Gases

462

(2)

The Kinetic--Molecular Theory

464

(6)

Enrichment Kinetic-Molecular Theory, the Ideal Gas Equation, and Molecular Speeds

467

(3)

Diffusion and Effusion of Gases

470

(1)

Real Gases: Deviations from Ideality

471

(12)

Key Terms

474

(1)

Exercises

475

(8)

Liquids and Solids

483

(58)

Kinetic--Molecular Description of Liquids and Solids

486

(1)

Intermolecular Attractions and Phase Changes

487

(6)

The Liquid State

492

(1)

Viscosity

493

(1)

Surface Tension

493

(1)

Capillary Action

494

(1)

Evaporation

495

(1)

Vapor Pressure

496

(2)

Boiling Points and Distillation

498

(1)

Heat Transfer Involving Liquids

499

(4)

Enrichment The Clausius-Equation

501

(2)

The Solid State

503

(1)

Melting Point

503

(1)

Heat Transfer Involving Solids

503

(3)

Sublimation and the Vapor Pressure of Solids

506

(1)

Phase Diagrams (P versus T)

507

(3)

Amorphous Solids and Crystalline Solids

510

(2)

Enrichment X-Ray Diffraction

510

(2)

Structures of Crystals

512

(4)

Bonding in Solids

516

(12)

Chemistry in Use Semiconductors

518

(10)

Band Theory of Metals

528

(13)

Key Terms

531

(2)

Exercises

533

(8)

Solutions

541

(49)

The Dissolution Process

543

(1)

Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process

543

(2)

Dissolution of solids in Liquids

545

(3)

Dissolution of Liquids in Liquids (Miscibility)

548

(1)

Dissolution of Gases in Liquids

549

(1)

Rates of Dissolution and Saturation

550

(2)

Effect of Temperature of Solubility

552

(2)

Effect of Pressure of Solubility

554

(1)

Molality and Mole Fraction

554

(3)

Colligative Properties of solutions

556

(1)

Lowering of Vapor Pressure and Raoult's Law

557

(4)

Fractional Distillation

561

(2)

Boiling Point Elevation

563

(1)

Freezing Point Depression

564

(2)

Determination of Molecular Weight by Freezing Point Depression of Boiling Point Elevation

566

(2)

Colligative Properties and Dissociation of Electrolytes

568

(2)

Osmotic Pressure

570

(8)

Colloids

575

(1)

Chemistry in Use Water Purification and Hemodialysis

576

(2)

The Tyndall Effect

578

(1)

The Adsorption Phenomenon

578

(1)

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids

579

(11)

Chemistry in Use Why Does Red Wine Go with Red Meat?

582

(1)

Key Terms

583

(1)

Exercises

584

(6)

Chemical Thermodynamics

590

(56)

Heat Changes and Thermochemistry

592

(1)

The First Law of Thermodynamics

592

(2)

Some Thermodynamic Terms

594

(2)

Enthalpy Changes

596

(1)

Calorimetry

596

(2)

Thermochemical Equations

598

(3)

Standard States and Standard Enthalpy changes

601

(1)

Standard Molar Enthalpies of formation, δH0F

602

(2)

Hess's Law

604

(5)

Bond Energies

609

(3)

Changes in Internal Energy, δE

612

(6)

Relationship Between δH and δE

618

(2)

Spontaneity of Physical and chemical Changes

620

(1)

The Two Aspects of spontaneity

620

(1)

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

621

(1)

Entropy, S

621

(7)

Free Energy Change, δG, and Spontaneity

628

(3)

The Temperature Dependence of Spontaneity

631

(15)

Key Terms

635

(1)

Exercises

636

(10)

Chemical Kinetics

646

(61)

The Rate of a Reaction

648

(7)

Factors That Affect Reaction Rates

654

(1)

Nature of the Reactants

655

(1)

Concentrations of Reactants: The Rate-Law Expression

656

(8)

Concentration Versus Time: The Integrated Rate Equation

664

(12)

Enrichment Calculus Derivation of Integrated Rate Equations

670

(2)

Enrichment Using Integrated Rate Equations to Determine Reaction Order

672

(4)

Collision Theory of Reaction Rates

676

(1)

Transition State Theory

677

(3)

Reaction Mechanisms and the Rate-Law Expression

680

(4)

Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation

684

(4)

Catalysts

688

(19)

Chemistry in Use Ozone

694

(4)

Key Terms

698

(1)

Exercises

698

(9)

Chemical Equilibrium

707

(45)

Basic concepts

708

(3)

The Equilibrium constant

711

(4)

Variation of Kc with the Form of the Balanced Equation

715

(1)

The Reaction Quotient

716

(1)

Uses of the Equilibrium constant, Kc

717

(4)

Factors that Affect Equilibria

721

(7)

The Haber Process: A Practical Application of Equilibrium

728

(1)

Application of Stress to a System at Equilibrium

729

(4)

Partial Pressures and the Equilibrium Constant

733

(1)

Relationship Between Kp and Kc

734

(3)

Heteregeneous Equilibria

737

(1)

Relationship Between δG0rxn and the Equilibrium Constant

738

(4)

Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants at Different Temperatures

742

(10)

Key Terms

744

(1)

Exercises

744

(8)

Ionic Equilibria I: Acids and Bases

752

(40)

A Review of Strong Electrolytes

754

(1)

The Autoionization of Water

754

(2)

The pH and pOH Scales

756

(5)

Ionization Constants for Weak Monoprotic Acids and Bases

761

(11)

Polyprotic Acids

772

(4)

Solvolysis

776

(1)

Salts of Strong Bases and Strong Acids

777

(1)

Salts of Strong Bases and Weak Acids

777

(3)

Salts of Weak Bases and Strong Acids

780

(3)

Chemistry in Use Taming Acids with Harmless Salts

782

(1)

Salts of Weak Bases and Weak Acids

783

(1)

Salts that Contain Small, Highly charged Cations

784

(8)

Key Terms

786

(1)

Exercises

787

(5)

Ionic Equilibria II: Buffers and Titration Curves

792

(30)

The Common Ion Effect and Buffer solutions

793

(7)

Buffering Action

800

(3)

Preparation of Buffer Solutions

803

(5)

Chemistry in Use Fun with Carbonates

806

(2)

Acid-Base Indicators

808

(2)

Titration Curves

810

(1)

Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves

810

(3)

Weak Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves

813

(3)

Weak Acid/Weak Base Titration Curves

816

(1)

Summary of Acid-Base Calculations

816

(6)

Key Terms

818

(1)

Exercises

818

(4)

Ionic Equilibria III: The Solubility Product Principle

822

(25)

Solubility Product Constants

823

(3)

Determination of Solubility Product Constants

826

(2)

Uses of Solubility Product constants

828

(6)

Fractional Precipitation

834

(3)

Simultaneous Equilibria Involving slightly Soluble Compounds

837

(3)

Dissolving Precipitates

840

(7)

Key Terms

843

(1)

Exercises

843

(4)

Electrochemistry

847

(53)

Electrical conduction

850

(1)

Electrodes

850

(1)

Electrolytic Cells

851

(1)

The Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride (the Downs Cell)

851

(1)

The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Chloride

852

(2)

The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Sulfate

854

(1)

Faraday's Law of Electrolysis

855

(2)

Commercial Applications of Electrolytic Cells

857

(1)

Voltaic or Galvanic Cells

858

(1)

The Construction of Simple Voltaic Cells

858

(1)

The Zinc-Copper Cell

859

(3)

Chemistry in Use A Spectacular View of One Mole of Electrons

860

(2)

The Copper-Silver Cell

862

(2)

Standard Electrode Potentials

864

(1)

The Standard Hydrogen Electrode

864

(1)

The Zinc-SHE Cell

864

(2)

The Copper-SHE Cell

866

(1)

Standard Electrode Potentials

867

(1)

Uses of Standard Electrode Potentials

868

(3)

Standard Electrode Potentials for Other Half-Reactions

871

(2)

Corrosion

873

(1)

Corrosion Protection

874

(3)

Effect of Concentrations (or Partial Pressures) on Electrode Potentials

877

(1)

The Nernst Equation

877

(4)

Using Electrochemical Cells to Determine Concentrations

881

(3)

Enrichment Concentration Cells

882

(2)

The Relationship of E0cell to δG0 and K

884

(2)

Primary Voltaic Cells

886

(1)

Dry Cells

886

(2)

Secondary Voltaic Cells

888

(1)

The Lead Storage Battery

888

(1)

The Nickel-Cadmium (Nicad) Cell

889

(1)

The Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell

890

(10)

Key Terms

892

(1)

Exercises

893

(7)

Metals I: Metallurgy

900

(19)

Occurrence of the Metals

902

(1)

Metallurgy

902

(1)

Pretreatment of Ores

903

(2)

Reduction to the Free Metals

905

(1)

Refining of Metals

906

(2)

Metallurgies of Specific Metals

908

(1)

Magnesium

908

(1)

Aluminum

909

(2)

Iron

911

(1)

Copper

912

(3)

Gold

915

(4)

Key Terms

916

(1)

Exercises

916

(3)

Metals II: Properties and Reactions

919

(22)

The Alkali Metals (Group IA)

921

(1)

Group IA Metals: Properties and Occurrence

921

(1)

Reactions of the Group IA Metals

922

(2)

Uses of Group IA Metals and Their Compounds

924

(4)

Chemistry in Use Trace Elements and Life

925

(3)

The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group IIA)

928

(1)

Group IIA Metals: Properties and Occurrences

928

(1)

Reactions of the Group IIA Metals

928

(2)

Uses of Group IIA Metals and Their compounds

930

(1)

The Post-Transition Metals

931

(1)

Group IIIA: Periodic Trends

931

(5)

Chemistry in Use The Most Valuable Metal in the world

934

(1)

The d-Transition Metals

935

(1)

General Properties

936

(1)

Oxidation States

936

(1)

Chromium Oxides and Hydroxides

937

(4)

Key Terms

939

(1)

Exercises

939

(2)

Some Nonmetals and Metalloids

941

(30)

The Noble Gases (Group VIIIA)

943

(1)

Occurrence, Uses, and Properties

943

(1)

Xenon Compounds

943

(2)

The Halogens (Group VIIA)

944

(1)

Properties

945

(1)

Occurrence, Production, and Uses

946

(2)

Reactions of the Free Halogens

948

(1)

The Hydrogen Haldies and Hydrohalic Acids

948

(2)

The Oxoacids (Ternary Acids) of the Halogens

950

(1)

Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium

951

(1)

Occurrence, Properties, and Uses

951

(2)

Reactions of Group VIA Elements

953

(1)

Hydrides of Group VIA Elements

954

(1)

Group VIA Oxides

954

(2)

Oxoacids of Sulfur

956

(2)

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

957

(1)

Occurrence of Nitrogen

958

(1)

Hydrogen compounds of Nitrogen

959

(1)

Nitrogen Oxides

960

(3)

Chemistry in Use Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog

962

(1)

Some Oxoacids of Nitrogen and Their Salts

963

(1)

Phosphorus

964

(2)

Silicon

965

(1)

Silicon and the Silicates

966

(5)

Key Terms

967

(1)

Exercises

967

(4)

Coordination compounds

971

(30)

Coordination compounds

972

(3)

Ammine complexes

975

(2)

Important Terms

977

(2)

Nomenclature

979

(2)

Structures

981

(1)

Isomerism in Coordination compounds

981

(1)

Structural (Constitutional) Isomers

982

(2)

Stereoisomers

984

(7)

Bonding in Coordination compounds

991

(1)

Crystal Field Theory

991

(3)

Color and the Spectrochemical Series

994

(7)

Key Terms

997

(1)

Exercises

998

(3)

Nuclear Chemistry

1001

(38)

The Nucleus

1003

(1)

Neutron--Proton Ratio and Nuclear Stability

1004

(1)

Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy

1005

(3)

Radioactive Decay

1008

(2)

Equations for Nuclear Reactions

1010

(1)

Neutron-Rich Nuclei (Above the Band of Stability)

1010

(1)

Neutron-Poor Nuclei (Below the Band of Stability)

1010

(1)

Nuclei with Atomic Number Greater Than 83

1011

(1)

Detection of Radiation

1011

(2)

Rates of Decay and Half-Life

1013

(2)

Disintegration Series

1015

(2)

Uses of Radionuclides

1017

(4)

Artificial Transmutations of Elements

1021

(4)

Nuclear Fission

1025

(1)

Nuclear Fission Reactors

1026

(6)

Chemistry in Use Managing Nuclear Wastes

1030

(2)

Nuclear Fission

1032

(7)

Key Terms

1034

(1)

Exercises

1035

(4)

Organic Chemistry I: Formulas, Names, and Properties

1039

(67)

Saturated Hydrocarbons

1043

(1)

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

1043

(5)

Naming Saturated Hydrocarbons

1048

(5)

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

1053

(1)

Alkenes

1053

(5)

Chemistry in Use Petroleum

1054

(4)

Alkynes

1058

(2)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1060

(1)

Benzene

1060

(2)

Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1062

(2)

Hydrocarbons: A Summary

1064

(1)

Functional Groups

1064

(1)

Organic Halides

1064

(2)

Alcohols and Phenols

1066

(5)

Ethers

1071

(1)

Aldehydes and Ketones

1072

(2)

Amines

1074

(2)

Carboxylic Acids

1076

(3)

Some Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids

1079

(6)

Chemistry in Use Butter, Margarine and Trans Fats

1083

(2)

Summary of Functional Groups

1085

(1)

Fundamental Classes of Organic Reactions

1085

(1)

Substitution Reactions

1085

(3)

Addition Reactions

1088

(2)

Elimination Reactions

1090

(1)

Polymerization Reactions

1091

(15)

Key Terms

1097

(1)

Exercises

1098

(8)

Organic Chemistry II: Shapes, Selected Reactions, and Biopolymers

1106

(35)

Shapes of Organic Molecules

1107

(1)

Constitutional Isomers

1108

(1)

Stereoisomers

1109

(4)

Conformations

1113

(2)

Selected Reactions

1114

(1)

Reactions of Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

1115

(3)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

1118

(5)

Chemistry in Use Chemical communication

1119

(4)

Formation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

1123

(1)

Hydrolysis of Esters

1124

(2)

Biopolymers

1125

(1)

Carbohydrates

1126

(4)

Polypeptides and Proteins

1130

(4)

Nucleic Acids

1134

(7)

Key Terms

1137

(1)

Exercises

1138

(3)

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

1141

(90)

Metals in Qualitative Analysis

1142

(13)

The Metals of Analytical Group I

1143

(2)

The Metals of Analytical Group II

1145

(2)

The Metals of Analytical Group IV

1147

(3)

The Metals of Analytical Group V

1150

(5)

Exercises

1154

(1)

Introduction to Laboratory Work

1155

(9)

Basic Ideas of Qualitative Analysis

1156

(1)

Cations of Analytical Group I

1157

(1)

Cations of Analytical Group II

1157

(1)

Cations of Analytical Group III

1158

(1)

Cations of Analytical Group IV

1158

(1)

Cations of Analytical Group V

1158

(1)

Comments of Laboratory Manipulations

1158

(1)

Capillary Pipets

1158

(1)

Stirring Rods

1159

(1)

Reagents

1159

(1)

Precipitation

1159

(2)

Centrifugation of Precipitates and Transfer of the Liquid (Centrifugate)

1161

(1)

Washing Precipitates

1161

(1)

Dissolution and Extraction of Precipitates

1161

(1)

Heating Mixtures and Solutions

1161

(1)

Evaporation

1162

(1)

Known solutions

1162

(1)

Unknown Solutions

1163

(1)

Unknown Reports

1163

(1)

Laboratory Assignments

1163

(1)

Analysis of Cation Group I

1164

(11)

Common Oxidation States of Metals in Cation Group I

1165

(1)

Introduction to the Analytical Procedures

1165

(1)

Preparation of solutions of Analytical Group I Cations

1166

(1)

Separation of Analytical Groups I and II Cations from Group III and Subsequent Group Cations

1166

(2)

Mechanism of sulfide Precipitation

1168

(1)

Precipitation of Analytical Group I Cations

1169

(1)

Dissolution of Analytical Group I Sulfides

1169

(1)

Separation and Identification of Bismuth (III) Ions

1170

(1)

Identification of Copper(II) and Cadmium Ions

1171

(4)

Exercises

1173

(2)

Analysis of Cation Group II

1175

(11)

Common Oxidation States of Metals in Cation Group II

1176

(1)

Introduction to the Analytical Procedures

1177

(1)

Preparation of Solutions of Analytical Group II Cations

1178

(1)

Evaporation with Nitric Acid

1178

(1)

Precipitation of Analytical Group II Cations

1178

(1)

Dissolution of Analytical Group II Sulfides in Sodium Hydroxide Solution

1179

(1)

Reprecipitation of Analytical Group II sulfides

1180

(1)

Separation of Arsenic from Antimony and Tim

1181

(1)

Identification of Arsenic

1182

(1)

Identification of Antimony and Tin

1183

(3)

Exercises

1184

(2)

Analysis of Cation Group III

1186

(15)

Common Oxidation States of the Metals in Analytical Group III

1187

(2)

Precipitation of Analytical Group III Cations

1189

(3)

Separation of Cobalt and Nickel

1192

(1)

Identificatin of Cobalt and Nickel

1192

(2)

Separation of Iron and Manganese from Aluminum, Chromium, and Zinc

1194

(1)

Identification of Manganese and Iron

1195

(1)

Separation and Identification of Aluminum

1196

(2)

Identifcation of Chromium and Zinc

1198

(3)

Exercises

1199

(2)

Analysis of Cation Group IV

1201

(11)

Introduction

1202

(1)

Solubilities of Compounds of Calcium, Strontium, and Barium

1202

(1)

Flame Tests

1203

(2)

Precipitation of Analytical Group IV Cations

1205

(1)

Separation and Identification of Barium Ions

1206

(3)

Separation and Identification of Strontium Ions

1209

(1)

Separation of Identification of Calcium Ions

1209

(3)

Exercises

1210

(2)

Analysis of Cation Group V

1212

(8)

Introduction

1213

(1)

Separation and Identification of Magnesium Ions

1214

(1)

Flame Tests of Sodium and Potassium Ions

1215

(1)

Precipitation Test for Sodium Ions

1216

(1)

Precipitation Test for Potassium Ions

1217

(1)

Test for Ammonium Ions

1218

(2)

Exercises

1219

(1)

Ionic Equilibria in Quantitative Analysis

1220

(11)

Dissolving Precipitates

1221

(2)

Equilibria Involving complex Ions

1223

(3)

Hydrogen Sulfide Equilibria

1226

(2)

Precipitation of Metal Sulfides

1228

(3)

Exercises

1231

Appendix A Some Mathematical Operations

A-1

Appendix B Electron configurations and the Atoms of Elements

A-5

Appendix C Common Units, Equivalences, and Conversion Factors

A-8

Appendix D Physical Constants

A-11

Appendix E Some Physical Constants for a Few Common Substances

A-12

Appendix F Ionization Constants for Weak Acids at 25°C

A-14

Appendix G Ionization Constants for Weak Bases at 25°C

A-15

Appendix H Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic Compounds At 25°C

A-16

Appendix I Dissociation Constants for Some Complex Ions

A-18

Appendix J Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous solution at 25°

A-19

Appendix K Selected Thermodynamic Values at 298.15K

A-22

Appendix L Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Numerical Exercises

A-24

Figure Credits

F-1

Glossary/Index

I-1

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General Chemistry With Qualitative Analysis

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials