Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics

A thorough and insightful introduction to using genetic algorithms to optimize electromagnetic systems Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics focuses on optimizing the objective function when a computer algorithm, analytical model, or experimental result describes the performance of an electromagnetic system. It offers expert guidance to optimizing electromagnetic systems using genetic algorithms (GA), which have proven to be tenacious in finding optimal results where traditional techniques fail. Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics begins with an introduction to optimization and several commonly used numerical optimization routines, and goes on to feature: Introductions to GA in both binary and continuous variable forms, complete with examples of MATLAB(r) commands Two step-by-step examples of optimizing antenna arrays as well as a comprehensive overview of applications of GA to antenna array design problems Coverage of GA as an adaptive algorithm, including adaptive and smart arrays as well as adaptive reflectors and crossed dipoles Explanations of the optimization of several different wire antennas, starting with the famous "crooked monopole" How to optimize horn, reflector, and microstrip patch antennas, which require significantly more computing power than wire antennas Coverage of GA optimization of scattering, including scattering from frequency selective surfaces and electromagnetic band gap materials Ideas on operator and parameter selection for a GA Detailed explanations of particle swarm optimization and multiple objective optimization An appendix of MATLAB code for experimentation

Randy L. Haupt, PhD, is a senior scientist in the Applied Research Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University.

Douglas H. Werner, PhD, is a professor of electrical engineering, a senior scientist in the Applied Research Laboratory, and a faculty member of the Materials Research Institute at The Pennsylvania State University.

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Introduction to Optimization in Electromagnetics	p. 1
Optimizing a Function of One Variable	p. 2
Exhaustive Search	p. 5
Random Search	p. 5
Golden Search	p. 6
Newton's Method	p. 7
Quadratic Interpolation	p. 9
Optimizing a Function of Multiple Variables	p. 10
Random Search	p. 11
Line Search	p. 13
Nelder-Mead Downhill Simplex Algorithm	p. 18
Comparing Local Numerical Optimization Algorithms	p. 21
Simulated Annealing	p. 24
Genetic Algorithm	p. 25
Anatomy of a Genetic Algorithm	p. 29
Creating an Initial Population	p. 31
Evaluating Fitness	p. 32
Natural Selection	p. 34
Mate Selection	p. 35
Roulette Wheel Selection	p. 35
Tournament Selection	p. 37
Generating Offspring	p. 37
Mutation	p. 42
Terminating the Run	p. 42
Step-by-Step Examples	p. 45
Placing Nulls	p. 45
Thinned Arrays	p. 54
Optimizing Antenna Arrays	p. 63
Optimizing Array Amplitude Tapers	p. 64
Optimizing Array Phase Tapers	p. 66
Optimum Quantized Low-Sidelobe Phase Tapers	p. 66
Phase-Only Array Synthesis Using Adaptive GAs	p. 69
Optimizing Arrays with Complex Weighting	p. 75
Shaped-Beam Synthesis	p. 75
Creating a Plane Wave in the Near Field	p. 78
Optimizing Array Element Spacing	p. 85
Thinned Arrays	p. 86
Interleaved Thinned Linear Arrays	p. 88
Array Element Perturbation	p. 92
Aperiodic Fractile Arrays	p. 98
Fractal-Random and Polyfractal Arrays	p. 101
Aperiodic Reflectarrays	p. 105
Optimizing Conformal Arrays	p. 105
Optimizing Reconfigurable Apertures	p. 112
Planar Reconfigurable Cylindrical Wire Antenna Design	p. 114
Planar Reconfigurable Ribbon Antenna Design	p. 114
Design of Volumetric Reconfigurable Antennas	p. 115
Simulation Results-Planar Reconfigurable Cylindrical Wire Antenna	p. 116
Simulation Results-Volumetric Reconfigurable Cylindrical Wire Antenna	p. 119
Simulation Results-Planar Reconfigurable Ribbon Antenna	p. 122
Smart Antennas Using a GA	p. 133
Amplitude and Phase Adaptive Nulling	p. 136
Phase-Only Adaptive Nulling	p. 145
Adaptive Reflector	p. 148
Adaptive Crossed Dipoles	p. 160
Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Wire Antennas	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
GA Design of Electrically Loaded Wire Antennas	p. 169
GA Design of Three-Dimensional Crooked-Wire Antennas	p. 179
GA Design of Planar Crooked-Wire and Meander-Line Antennas	p. 184
GA Design of Yagi-Uda Antennas	p. 189
Optimization of Aperture Antennas	p. 199
Reflector Antennas	p. 199
Horn Antennas	p. 202
Microstrip Antennas	p. 205
Optimization of Scattering	p. 217
Scattering from an Array of Strips	p. 218
Scattering from Frequency-Selective Surfaces	p. 223
Optimization of FSS Filters	p. 225
Optimization of Reconfigurable FSSs	p. 233
Optimization of EBGs	p. 236
Scattering from Absorbers	p. 238
Conical or Wedge Absorber Optimization	p. 238
Multilayer Dielectric Broadband Absorber Optimization	p. 241
Ultrathin Narrowband Absorber Optimization	p. 241
GA Extensions	p. 251
Selecting Population Size and Mutation Rate	p. 251
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)	p. 255
Multiple-Objective Optimization	p. 257
Introduction	p. 257
Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm-Strength Value Calculation	p. 258
Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm-Pareto Set Clustering	p. 259
Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm-Implementation	p. 260
SPEA-Optimixed Planar Arrays	p. 261
SPEA-Optimized Planar Polyfractal Arrays	p. 264
MATLAB Code	p. 269
Bibliography	p. 277
Index	p. 299
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Genetic Algorithms in Electromagnetics

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