Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement: Cereals, Volume 2

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ISBN: 9780849314322 | 0849314321
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/13/2006

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Summarizing landmark research, Volume 2 of this essential series furnishes information on the availability of germplasm resources that breeders can exploit for producing high-yielding cereal crop varieties. Written by leading international experts, this volume offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date information on employing genetic resources to increase the yield of those cereal crops that provide the main source of nutrition for two-thirds of the world.In thirteen succinct chapters, Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement: Cereals, Volume 2 focuses on wheat, rice, maize, oats, barley, millet, sorghum, and rye, as well as triticale: a wheat and rye hybrid with great potential.An introductory chapter outlines the cytogenetic architecture of cereal crops, describes the principles and strategies of cytogenetics and breeding, and summarizes landmarks in current research. This sets the stage for the ensuing crop-specific chapters. Each chapter generally provides a comprehensive account of the crop, its origin, wild relatives, exploitation of genetic resources in the primary, secondary, and tertiary gene pools through breeding and cytogenetic manipulation, and genetic enrichment using the tools of molecular genetics and biotechnology.Certain to become the standard reference for improving the yields of these critical grains, this book is the definitive source of information for plant breeders, agronomists, cytogeneticists, taxonomists, molecular biologists, biotechnologists, and graduate students and researchers in these fields.

Cytogenetic Architecture of Cereal Crops and Their Manipulation to Fit Human Needs: Opportunities and Challenges
Introduction	p. 2
Cereal Crops: A Source of Sustenance to Humankind	p. 4
Polyploid Cereals: Their Cytogenetic Architecture	p. 5
Polyploid Wheats: A Model for Evolution by Allopolyploidy	p. 5
Cytogenetic Makeup of Hexaploid Oat	p. 7
Genetic Control of Chromosome Pairing: Major Implications	p. 7
Cytogenetic and Evolutionary Implications	p. 9
Breeding Implications: Homoeologous Pairing, the Key to Gene Transfer	p. 10
Cytogenetic Manipulation of Polyploid Cereal Crops	p. 11
Wheat	p. 11
Oat	p. 12
Diploid or Diploidized Cereals: Genomic Evolution	p. 12
Cytogenetic Makeup and Ancient Polyploid Origin	p. 12
Diversity of Origin of Cereal Genomes: Genomic Diversity and Synteny	p. 14
Cytogenetic Manipulation and Breeding Work in Diploid Cereals	p. 15
Perspectives and Challenges	p. 17
References	p. 19
Chromosome Engineering of the Durum Wheat Genome: Strategies and Applications of Potential Breeding Value
Introduction	p. 28
The Evolutionary Pathways of Allopolyploid Wheats	p. 29
Conservation of Intergenomic Relatedness	p. 30
Mechanisms of Diploidization and Their Effects at Different Ploidy Levels	p. 31
Induced Haploidy: Its Use in Basic Studies and Genomic Reconstruction	p. 32
Wild Relatives as Sources of Desirable Genes	p. 33
Transfer of Alien Genetic Material into Cultivated Wheats	p. 33
Synthesis of Hybrids: The First Important and Informative Step	p. 34
Engineering the Durum Wheat Genome with Targeted Introgressions of Limited Size	p. 39
Direct Gene Transfer in Durum Wheat	p. 48
Conclusions	p. 49
References	p. 49
Utilization of Genetic Resources for Bread Wheat Improvement
Introduction	p. 61
Genetic Diversity and Its Distribution	p. 62
Primary Gene Pool	p. 63
Secondary Gene Pool	p. 63
Tertiary Gene Pool	p. 63
Production of Intergeneric Hybrids	p. 63
Phenology	p. 65
Cytology	p. 65
Maintenance	p. 66
Asymmetric Synthetic Genomes	p. 67
Interspecific Hybridization	p. 68
Intergeneric Hybridization	p. 74
Cytogenetic Manipulation and Alien Gene Transfer	p. 74
Utilization and Practicality of Wide Crosses Germplasm	p. 79
Impact from Documented Transfer	p. 80
Impact through Undocumented Transfer	p. 81
Futuristic Anticipation	p. 82
Conclusions	p. 86
References	p. 88
Molecular Markers, Genomics, and Genetic Engineering in Wheat
Introduction	p. 99
Genomic Makeup of Wheat	p. 100
Molecular Markers in Wheat Breeding	p. 100
Wheat Genomics	p. 102
Wheat ESTs, Gene Organization, and Comparative Mapping	p. 102
Map-Based Cloning in Wheat	p. 106
Wheat Transformation and Application in Wheat Breeding	p. 107
Production of Transgenic Wheat	p. 107
Engineering Insect Pests and Disease Resistance	p. 108
Improvement of Grain Quality	p. 108
Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses	p. 108
Conclusion	p. 109
Acknowledgment	p. 109
References	p. 109
Cytogenetic Manipulation and Germplasm Enhancement of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Introduction	p. 117
Origin of Cultivated Rice	p. 118
Wild Progenitors of Cultivated Rice	p. 118
Polyphyletic Origin of O. sativa	p. 121
Rice Genetic Resources: Exploration and Conservation	p. 123
Exploration and Collection of Germplasm	p. 123
Genetic Erosion	p. 123
Conservation of Germplasm	p. 124
Taxonomy	p. 125
O. sativa Complex	p. 125
Oryza officinalis Complex	p. 126
Oryza ridleyi Complex	p. 126
Oryza meyeriana Complex	p. 126
Unknown Complex	p. 127
Related Genera	p. 127
Genomic Relationships	p. 127
Cytogenetics	p. 128
Somatic Karyotype	p. 129
Pachytene Karyotype	p. 129
Translocations	p. 129
Haploids, Triploids, and Aneuploids	p. 130
Trisomics	p. 130
Germplasm Enhancement through Interspecific Hybridization	p. 132
Strategies for Alien Gene Transfer	p. 132
Production of Interspecific Hybrids, MAALs, and Advanced-Backcross Progenies	p. 133
Introgression from AA Genome Wild Species	p. 134
Development of Doubled Haploids from O. sativa x O. glaberrima	p. 137
Construction of Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines of O. glaberrima and O. rufipogon in the Background of O. sativa	p. 137
Identification and Introgression of Yield-Enhancing Loci/QTL Wild Species Alleles from AA Genome Species	p. 138
Introgression of Genes from Distantly Related Genomes	p. 138
Molecular Mapping of Introgressed Alien Genes	p. 140
Molecular Characterization of Alien Introgression	p. 142
Characterization of Parental Genomes, MAALs, and Homoeologous Pairing in Oryza through GISH	p. 142
Germplasm Enhancement through Cell and Tissue Culture	p. 144
Anther Culture	p. 144
Somaclonal Variation	p. 145
Somatic Cell Hybridization	p. 146
Germplasm Enhancement through Induced Mutations	p. 147
Apomixis for Germplasm Enhancement	p. 148
Screening Wild Oryza Germplasm for Apomixis	p. 148
Mutagenesis-Induced Apomixis	p. 149
Genetic Engineering to Induce Apomixis	p. 150
Genetic Enhancement through Transformation	p. 150
Functional Genomics	p. 152
References	p. 152
Genetic Enhancement of Maize by Cytogenetic Manipulation, and Breeding for Yield, Stress Tolerance, and High Protein Quality
Introduction	p. 160
Maize: Its Cytogenetic Architecture	p. 161
Cytogenetic Manipulation of the Maize Genome	p. 162
Manipulations of the Ploidy Level	p. 162
Manipulations of Chromosome Number: Aneuploidy	p. 163
Manipulations of Chromosomal Rearrangements	p. 163
Manipulation of Maize Chromosomes in an Oat Background	p. 167
Genetic Transformation: Adding Value-Added Traits	p. 170
Germplasm Conservation and Early Breeding Work	p. 171
Conservation and Utilization of Maize Genetic Resources	p. 171
Early Breeding Work: Exploring New Options and Methodologies	p. 171
Hybrid-Oriented Source Germplasm and Hybrid Development	p. 173
Characterizing Germplasm for Combining Ability and Heterotic Pattern(s)	p. 173
Shifts in Recurrent Selection Procedures	p. 173
Development of Inbred Progenitors	p. 174
Inbreeding Tolerance and Crossbred Performance	p. 174
Hybrid Options and Their Relevance	p. 174
Inbred Line Evaluation Nurseries	p. 175
Characterizing and Using Maize Inbred Progenitors	p. 175
Hybrid Development and Testing	p. 175
Research on Maize Testers	p. 176
Release of Maize Inbreds and Other Materials	p. 176
Breeding for Stress Tolerance	p. 177
Enhancing Disease Resistance	p. 177
Development of Insect-Resistant Germplasm	p. 179
Germplasm Development for Abiotic Stresses	p. 180
Breeding for Improved Nutritional Quality	p. 182
Search for Useful Genetic Variation and Early Work	p. 182
Development and Improvement of Soft Opaques	p. 183
Correcting the First-Generation Problems and Exploring New Alternatives	p. 183
Genetic Modifiers and Their Use as a Successful Strategy	p. 184
Development of QPM Donor Stocks	p. 184
Expanded QPM Germplasm Development Efforts	p. 185
QPM Hybrid Development and Testing	p. 186
Apomixis as a Possible Means of Perpetuating Hybrid Vigor	p. 189
Conclusions and Perspectives	p. 189
References	p. 190
Cytogenetic Manipulation in Oat Improvement
Overview and History of Oats: Introduction and History	p. 200
Speciation in Avena	p. 201
Introduction to the Genus	p. 201
Diploids	p. 202
Tetraploids	p. 204
Hexaploids	p. 205
Interspecific Hybridization	p. 206
Introduction	p. 206
Diploid x Diploid Hybrids	p. 206
Tetraploid x Tetraploid Hybrids	p. 207
Triploid Hybrids	p. 208
Interspecies Hexaploid Hybrids	p. 209
Diploid x Hexaploid Hybrids	p. 209
Pentaploid Hybrids	p. 209
Genetic Control of Chromosome Pairing	p. 210
Chromosome Rearrangements	p. 211
Background	p. 211
Detection of Translocations	p. 213
Ancient Chromosome Structural Changes	p. 213
Modern Chromosome Structural Changes	p. 214
Gene Pools	p. 215
Introgression	p. 215
Introgressions Utilizing the Primary Gene Pool	p. 215
Introgressions Utilizing the Secondary Gene Pool	p. 216
Introgressions Utilizing the Tertiary Gene Pool	p. 216
The Effect of Direction of a Cross and the Cytoplasm Donor	p. 220
Oat-Maize Hybridization	p. 220
Development of Subarm Aneuploids	p. 221
Introduction	p. 221
Duplicate-Deficient Segments and Crown Rust Resistance	p. 221
Duplicate-Deficient Lines from Sun II x N770-165-2-1	p. 221
Segregation of 7C and 17 in Populations Derived from Translocation Heterozygotes	p. 222
Induced Variation	p. 222
Ionizing Radiation	p. 222
Other Methods of Inducing Variation	p. 223
Future Uses of Avena Genetic Resources	p. 223
Adding Value to the Oat Crop	p. 223
Expanding the Oat Crop into New Production Regions	p. 224
References	p. 224
Utilization of Genetic Resources for Barley Improvement
Introduction	p. 234
Origin of Barley	p. 234
Taxonomy of Barley	p. 235
Barley Germplasm Resources	p. 235
Genomic Relationships in Barley	p. 241
Diploid Species	p. 241
Tetraploid Species	p. 241
Hexaploid Species	p. 242
Gene Pools of Barley	p. 243
Primary Gene Pool	p. 243
Secondary Gene Pool	p. 243
Tertiary Gene Pool	p. 243
Germplasm Enhancement	p. 243
Conventional Breeding	p. 244
Haploid Breeding	p. 244
Tetraploid Breeding	p. 245
Mutation Breeding	p. 245
Hybrid Barley Breeding	p. 245
Wide Hybridization	p. 246
Somaclonal Variation	p. 249
Genetic Transformation	p. 249
Exploitation of Apomixis	p. 251
Conclusions	p. 251
References	p. 251
Chromosome Mapping in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Introduction	p. 258
Karyotype Analysis in Barley	p. 258
Chromosome 1 (7H)	p. 260
Chromosome 2 (2H)	p. 260
Chromosome 3 (3H)	p. 261
Chromosome 4 (4H)	p. 261
Chromosome 5 (1H)	p. 261
Chromosome 6 (6H)	p. 261
Chromosome 7 (5H)	p. 262
Development of a Cytogenetic Map of Barley by Chromosome Structural Changes	p. 262
Deficiencies	p. 262
Duplications	p. 262
Interchanges	p. 263
Inversions	p. 263
Development of a Cytogenetic Map of Barley by Chromosome Numerical Changes	p. 264
Primary Trisomics	p. 264
Secondary Trisomics	p. 265
Tertiary Trisomics	p. 265
Telotrisomics	p. 265
Acrotrisomics	p. 265
Molecular Maps of Barley	p. 265
Utility of Genetic Maps of Barley	p. 266
Physical Mapping of Barley Chromosomes	p. 270
Comparative Mapping in the Grass Family	p. 273
Chromosome Evolution Mechanisms in Barley and Other Grasses	p. 275
Large-Insert Libraries of Barley Chromosomes	p. 275
Barley Expressed Sequence Tags	p. 276
Conclusions	p. 277
References	p. 277
Genetic Improvement of Pearl Millet for Grain and Forage Production: Cytogenetic Manipulation and Heterosis Breeding
Introduction	p. 282
Pearl Millet as a Poor Man's Crop	p. 282
Pearl Millet as a Research Organism	p. 282
Origin and Taxonomy: Germplasm Resources	p. 283
Wild Relatives in the Primary Gene Pool	p. 283
Perennial Relatives in the Secondary Gene Pool	p. 283
Perennial Relatives in the Tertiary Gene Pool	p. 284
Chromosome Number and Genomic Evolution in the Genus Pennisetum	p. 284
Different Base Numbers: The Original Number	p. 284
Chromosome Pairing in Haploids: Implications on Genomic Evolution	p. 285
Induced Polyploidy and Aneuploidy	p. 286
Synthesis of Interspecific Hybrids: Genome Relationships	p. 286
Pearl Millet x Napier Grass Hybrids	p. 286
Pearl Millet x Oriental Grass Hybrids	p. 286
Pearl Millet x Fountain Grass Hybrids	p. 288
Pearl Millet x P. schweinfurthii Hybrids	p. 288
Pearl Millet x P. squamulatum Hybrids	p. 288
Interspecific Hybridization and Breeding for Superior Fodder Traits	p. 289
Synthesis of Intraspecific Hybrids: Exploitation of Hybrid Vigor for Grain and Fodder Yield	p. 289
Hybrid Options	p. 291
Hybrid Parent Development	p. 292
Hybrid Development and Testing	p. 296
Hybrids for Arid Conditions	p. 296
Hybrid Parent Maintenance	p. 297
Apomixis: Harnessing It for Heterosis Breeding	p. 297
Incidence of Apomixis	p. 297
Genetics of Apomixis	p. 298
Transferring to Pearl Millet	p. 298
Possible Use of Apomixis to Develop Cultivars	p. 299
Direct Gene Transfer in Pearl Millet	p. 300
Conclusions and Perspectives	p. 301
References	p. 302
Sorghum Genetic Resources, Cytogenetics, and Improvement
Introduction	p. 310
Taxonomy, Origin, and Domestication	p. 311
Taxonomy	p. 311
Origin	p. 312
Domestication	p. 312
Breeding Behavior and Pollination Control	p. 313
Genetic Resources	p. 313
Importance and Need for Conservation	p. 313
Status of Genetic Resources	p. 314
Maintenance of Genetic Resources	p. 315
Core Collection	p. 316
Evaluation, Characterization, and Documentation of Genetic Resources	p. 316
Utilization of Genetic Resources	p. 317
Genetic Variability for Qualitative and Quantitative Traits	p. 318
Morphological/Phenotypic Level	p. 318
Biochemical Level	p. 319
DNA Level	p. 319
Genetics and Cytogenetics	p. 319
Genetics	p. 319
Cytogenetics	p. 322
Sorghum Improvement	p. 323
Environmental Response Characteristics	p. 323
Conversion Programs	p. 323
Breeding Concepts and Breeding Material	p. 324
Adaptation and Productivity Enhancement	p. 325
Trait-Based Breeding	p. 326
New Tools for Sorghum Improvement	p. 339
Farmers' Participatory Approach	p. 339
Biotechnology	p. 340
Summary	p. 345
Acknowledgments	p. 346
References	p. 346
Rye (Secale cereale L.): A Younger Crop Plant with a Bright Future
Introduction	p. 366
Botany	p. 367
Gross Morphology	p. 367
Root System	p. 367
Seeds	p. 368
Physiology	p. 368
Cytology	p. 368
Chromosome Number	p. 368
Molecular Structure of Genome	p. 368
Primary Trisomics and Telotrisomics	p. 369
B Chromosomes	p. 370
Karyotype	p. 370
Reciprocal Translocations	p. 372
Neocentric Activity	p. 373
Haploid Rye	p. 373
Homoeology	p. 374
Taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, and Origin	p. 375
Alien Introgression	p. 376
DNA Transfer	p. 377
Genetics	p. 377
General	p. 377
Chromosomal and Regional Localization of Genes and Markers	p. 378
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility and Restorer	p. 378
Breeding	p. 378
Diploid Rye	p. 379
Tetraploid Rye	p. 382
Rye Cropping	p. 384
Seeding	p. 385
Soil Type	p. 385
Water	p. 385
Micronutrients	p. 385
Fertilization	p. 386
Temperature	p. 386
Susceptibility and Resistance	p. 386
Growth Regulators	p. 387
Incorporation in Crop Rotation	p. 387
Allelopathic Effects	p. 387
Volunteering	p. 387
Rye as a Donor for Genetic Improvement of Wheat	p. 387
Genome Additions	p. 387
Chromosome Additions	p. 388
Chromosome Substitutions	p. 388
Chromosome Translocations	p. 388
Conclusion	p. 388
References	p. 389
Triticale: A Low-Input Cereal with Untapped Potential
Introduction	p. 396
The Wheat-Rye Galaxy	p. 397
History	p. 398
Cytogenetics	p. 400
Tetraploid Triticale	p. 402
Genetics	p. 404
Breeding	p. 406
Yield	p. 407
Winter Hardiness	p. 407
Lodging	p. 408
Preharvest Sprouting	p. 408
Abiotic Stress	p. 409
Biotic Stress	p. 410
Hybrid Breeding	p. 412
Biotechnology	p. 413
Quality	p. 415
Sources of Genetic Variation	p. 417
Final Conclusion	p. 419
References	p. 419
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Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvement: Cereals, Volume 2

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