Geographic Information Systems in Action

Preface v

1 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 1

Learning Objectives 1

Behavioral Indicators 1

Chapter Overview 2

What Is GIS? 2

Database Definition 2

Software Definition 3

System Definition 5

What GIS Does 7

Questions Regarding Individual Geographic Objects 7

Questions Concerning Multiple Geographic Entities 7

The GIS User Community 9

Disciplines Employing GIS 9

Examples of Users 10

The GIS Skill Set 12

Incorporating GIS Knowledge and Skills into Your Work and the Workplace 14

Additional Reading and Resources 14

Industry Profile 15

Key Terms 15

2 GIS Representation 16

Learning Objectives 16

Behavioral Indicators 16

Chapter Overview 17

Nature of Geographic Data 17

Types of Distributions 18

Uniform Distribution 18

Clustered Distribution 19

Random Distributions 19

Geographic Dimensionality 22

Points 22

Lines 23

Areas 23

Surfaces 24

Data Measurement Levels 26

Map Symbolism 29

Geographic Scale 30

Projections, Datums, and Reference Systems 31

The Earth Graticule 31

Map Projections 32

Datums 35

Reference Systems 35

Raster versus Vector (Basic GIS Data Models) 38

Vector Data Model 38

Raster Data Model 39

Additional Reading and Resources 41

Pertinent Websites 41

Key Terms 41

3 Creating and Editing GIS Data 43

Learning Objectives 43

Behavioral Indicators 43

Chapter Overview 44

Geographic Data Formats 44

Creating New Features with Template Layouts 48

Creating Point, Line, and Polygon Features 51

Setting Feature Template Properties 64

Creating and Editing Annotations 65

Digitizing Features 76

Editing Topology 78

Principles and Practice of Spatial Adjustment 88

Additional Reading and Resources 107

Key Terms 107

4 Basic Map Queries 109

Learning Objectives 109

Behavioral Indicators 109

Chapter Overview 110

Essentials of Map Layers 110

Selecting Map Layers 117

Using the Add Layers Button 117

Additional Methods for Adding Layers 117

Identifying Features 121

Interactively Identifying Map Features 124

Preparing to Select a Set of Features in ArcGIS 124

Selecting a Set of Features in ArcGIS 127

Selecting by Location 129

Selected Spatial Queries 129

Selecting by Attributes 133

Using Addresses or Place Names to Search for Features (Find) 137

Additional Reading and Resources 142

Resources 142

Key Terms 142

5 Common ArcGIS Tools 143

Learning Objectives 143

Behavioral Indicators 143

Chapter Overview 144

Overlay Analysis 145

Proximity Analysis 148

Summary Statistics 151

Table Management 153

Additional Reading and Resources 156

Key Terms 157

6 Raster Operations 158

Learning Objectives 158

Behavioral Indicators 158

Chapter Overview 159

Raster Data and Map Algebra 159

Spatial Analyst Module, Terminology, and Classes 161

Image Analysis Toolsets and Terms 166

Additional Reading and Resources 179

Key Terms 179

7 Network Analysis 180

Learning Objectives 180

Behavioral Indicators 180

Chapter Overview 181

Geometric Networks 181

Transportation Networks 197

Location Allocation 214

Additional Reading and Resources 222

Key Terms 223

xii Contents

8 Surface Analysis 224

Learning Objectives 224

Behavioral Indicators 224

Chapter Overview 225

Geostatistics (Interpolation) 225

Raster Surface Toolset 241

Aspect 241

Contour 241

Contour List and Contour with Barriers 242

Curvature 242

Cut Fill 242

Hillshade 242

Slope 242

Viewshed Analysis 243

Additional Reading and Resources 244

Key Terms 244

9 Constructing Models 245

Learning Objectives 245

Behavioral Indicators 245

Chapter Overview 246

GIS Models and ModelBuilder 246

Executing Tools in ModelBuilder 248

Additional Reading and Resources 258

Key Terms 258

10 Reporting Results 259

Learning Objectives 259

Behavioral Indicators 259

Chapter Overview 260

Charts and Diagrams 260

Route Logs 264

Web Maps and Story Maps 264

Additional Reading and Resources 271

Key Terms 271

Endnote 273

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