Geographic Information: Value, Pricing, Production, and Consumption

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ISBN: 9780849334146 | 0849334144
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/17/2007

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Bringing producer and consumer debates together, Geographic Information: Value, Pricing, Production, and Consumption provides a coherent perspective on what have become emotional and territorial issues of IPR protection and liberation. This book addresses a range of issues relating to GI, from its definition, purpose, and use to how GI affects individuals, organizations, and governments. It examines business issues including pricing, exploitation, competition, and IPR in private, commercial, and public domain environments. It also introduces a detailed case study that shows how the GI collection and dissemination policies affect regional and global environmental monitoring programs.

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
About the Authors	p. xv
Introduction	p. 1
What is geographic information?	p. 2
Is geographic information unique?	p. 7
Valuing information	p. 9
The debate on charging for public sector geographic information	p. 11
Overview of the contents	p. 15
References	p. 20
Determining the value of geographic information	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Information value is in the eye of the beholder	p. 24
What type of value to measure?	p. 25
Valuing Geographic Information	p. 29
Value changes with time, purpose, and use	p. 30
The relationship between cost and value	p. 31
Value determined by class of ownership, public vs. private	p. 31
Summarizing issues in the GI value debate	p. 32
Value theory	p. 34
The information market and the information economy	p. 35
Information as an intangible asset	p. 36
The role of technology and infrastructure	p. 37
The value chain	p. 38
The information value chain	p. 39
Which information value chain for GI?	p. 40
Different components of value for GI	p. 42
Value of the location attribute in GI	p. 42
Time dependency value of GI	p. 43
Value determined by cost savings	p. 44
Adding value via information management techniques and tools	p. 45
Value due to legal or other mandatory use requirements	p. 45
Value due to network effects	p. 46
Value due to quality of an information resource	p. 46
Value of geographic information to economies and society	p. 48
Commercial value of GI	p. 48
Economic value of GI	p. 48
Socioeconomic value of GI	p. 49
Valuing the economic contribution of public sector GI	p. 50
Value of GI as underpinning for other information and services	p. 53
Intangible benefits: value unquantifiable in monetary terms	p. 53
The changing value of geographic information	p. 54
Increasing the value of GI	p. 54
Restricting the value of GI	p. 55
Value of GIS and other GI visualization systems	p. 56
Conclusions	p. 58
References	p. 58
The business of GI: No such thing as a free lunch	p. 63
The turbulent interplay of price, cost, and value	p. 63
Access, demand, resource, and information supply	p. 67
Is there such a thing as an informational free lunch: the commons?	p. 70
Resourcing the interfaces between supply, demand, and update	p. 76
Can a free lunch be sustained?	p. 78
Development, exploitation, and public investment	p. 85
References	p. 88
Pricing information: The interaction of mechanism and policy	p. 95
Pricing theories	p. 95
First-degree price discrimination	p. 95
Second-degree price discrimination	p. 96
Third-degree price discrimination	p. 97
Extending pricing theory	p. 98
Zero-degree price discrimination	p. 99
The consequences of underfunding national map production	p. 101
Pricing contexts: issues	p. 103
Market positions and roles	p. 105
First mover advantage	p. 105
Avoiding legacy systems problems	p. 106
Enjoying, protecting, or abusing a monopoly position	p. 106
Pricing contexts: costing mechanisms	p. 109
Time dependency in pricing	p. 110
Impact of payment strategies and technologies	p. 110
Strategies that circumvent pricing	p. 111
Changing relationships between information producers and users	p. 112
Producers and service providers fight back	p. 112
Paying for exclusivity and protecting the brand	p. 113
Conclusion	p. 115
References	p. 116
Geographic information, globalization, and society	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
The ubiquity of GI	p. 123
Sociotechnical implications of GI and GIS	p. 126
Spatial data infrastructures: governance of GI and public sector information	p. 130
GI globalization: mobility, location, and boundaries	p. 135
Repurposing of GI: benefits and risks	p. 138
Information overload, emergent societal spaces, and modernity	p. 142
GI consumption: technology and property rights issues	p. 146
References	p. 148
Spatial data infrastructures: Policy, value, and cost-benefit	p. 159
Introduction to policy in spatial data infrastructure	p. 159
Information policy	p. 161
Policy as product	p. 162
Policy as process	p. 163
Examples of SDI developments at national and regional levels	p. 166
SDI developments in the U.K.	p. 166
SDI developments in the U.S.	p. 168
Pan-European SDI developments	p. 170
Policy role in other SDI definitions	p. 172
Summary of policy roles in SDI formation	p. 175
Implementing SDI policy	p. 175
Policy vs. strategy	p. 176
Policy conflict and harmonization	p. 179
SDI cost-benefit issues	p. 180
Historical SDI CBA results	p. 181
SDI CBA methodologies	p. 186
Samples of SDI CBA studies	p. 190
Price Waterhouse Australian SDI study (1995)	p. 191
OXERA economic contribution of GI (1999)	p. 192
PIRA European PSI exploitation report (2000)	p. 193
INSPIRE extended impact assessment (2004)	p. 194
U.S. national map cost-benefit analysis (2004)	p. 195
NASA/Booz Allen Hamilton: interoperability ROI (2005)	p. 197
Conclusions and recommendations	p. 199
References	p. 200
Conclusions and prospects	p. 205
The debate is not concluded	p. 205
Google: a free lunch?	p. 209
Other fee-or-free contests and challenges	p. 210
Final lessons	p. 212
References	p. 214
Glossary and acronyms	p. 217
Index	p. 221
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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