Geophysical & Astrophysical Convection

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ISBN: 9789056992583 | 9056992589
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/8/2000

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Geophysical and Astrophysical Convection collects important papers from an international group of the world's foremost researchers in geophysical and astrophysical convection to present a concise overview of recent thinking in the field. Topics include: Atmospheric convection, solar and stellar convection, unsteady non-penetrative thermal convection, astrophysical convection and dynamos, dynamics of cumulus entertainment, turbulent convection: helical buoyant convection, transport phenomena, potential vorticity, rotating convective turbulence, and the modeling and simulation various types of convection and turbulence.

List of Figures

List of Tables

xii

Preface

xiii

Acknowledgements

xiv

Atmospheric Convection with Analogies in Astrophysics and the Laboratory

(22)

Robert M. Kerr

Introduction

(2)

Reynolds number and modeling

(3)

Dry convective scaling

(3)

Precipitating convection

(4)

Hierarchy of scales

(3)

Improving LES

(2)

Conclusion

(5)

Solar and Stellar Convection: A Perspective for Geophysical Fluid Dynamicists

(22)

Peter A. Gilman

Introduction

(1)

Solar motions

(4)

Global features of convection zone

(5)

Structure with radius

(2)

Influence of rotation

(1)

Upper boundary layer

(1)

Lower boundary layer

(1)

Waves and instabilities in and near the convection zone

(1)

Simulating solar convection

(1)

Summary of methods and results for compressible convection

(2)

Convection as driver of differential rotation

(1)

Interaction of the convection zone with the solar surfaces and the shear layer at the base

(2)

Concluding remarks

(5)

Unsteady Non-Penetrative Thermal Convection From Non-Uniform Surfaces

(26)

Richard D. Keane

Noboyuki Fujisawa

Ronald J. Adrian

Introduction

(3)

Experimental apparatus and procedure

(3)

Results

(9)

Heat transfer characteristics

(2)

Existence of horizontal mean flow

(1)

Patterns of convection

(7)

Summary and conclusions

(11)

Astrophysical Convection and Dynamos

(22)

Axel Brandenburg

Ake Nordlund

Robert F. Stein

Introduction

(2)

Deep solar convection

(1)

Low Prandtl number effects

(2)

The entropy gradient

(4)

The thermal time scale problem

(3)

The formation of magnetic structures

(2)

Magnetic dynamo action

(1)

Downward pumping

100

(1)

Outstanding problems

101

(6)

Dynamics of Cumulus Entrainment

107

(22)

Wojciech W. Grabowski

Introduction

107

(4)

Turbulent entrainment in cumulus clouds and in buoyancy-driven flows

111

(2)

Entrainment as a result of interfacial instabilities

113

(8)

Entrainment and buoyancy reversal

121

(2)

Conclusions

123

(6)

The 2/7 Law in Turbulent Thermal Convection

129

(16)

Stephane Zaleski

Introduction

129

(1)

Problem definition

130

(1)

Simple approaches to scaling

131

(2)

Similarity arguments based on dimensional analysis

131

(1)

Marginal stability and boundary layer similarity

132

(1)

Mechanistic approaches to scaling

133

(5)

Inviscid interior scaling

133

(1)

Plume theories with a single length scale

134

(1)

Plume theory with several length scales

135

(1)

2/7 scaling: Shraiman-Siggia theory

136

(1)

Range of validity

136

(2)

Comparison with experiments

138

(1)

Critique

139

(1)

Conclusion

140

(5)

Organization of Atmospheric Convection over the Tropical Oceans: The Role of Vertical Shear and Buoyancy

145

(20)

Margaret A. LeMone

Introduction

145

(1)

Convection in the fair weather mixed layer

146

(6)

Larger aspect-ratio mixed-layer banded structures

149

(3)

Precipitating convection

152

(9)

Buoyancy

152

(2)

Shear

154

(7)

Conclusions

161

(4)

Images of Hard Turbulence: Buoyant Plumes in a Crosswind

165

(20)

Andrew Belmonte

Albert Libchaber

Introduction

165

(2)

Hard Turbulence

167

(2)

Experimental techniques

169

(3)

The convection cell

169

(1)

Visualization

170

(2)

Image processing

172

(1)

Shadowgraph images

172

(5)

Intensity correlation measurements

177

(2)

Discussion

179

(6)

Convection in Cloud-Topped Atmospheric Boundary Layers

185

(14)

Christopher S. Bretherton

Introduction

185

(1)

Global distribution and importance of boundary layer cloud

186

(4)

Convective dynamics of CTBLs

190

(5)

Further observations and conclusions

195

(4)

Solar Granulation: A Surface Phenomenon

199

(22)

Mark Peter Rast

Introduction

200

(1)

Granular dynamics

201

(6)

Heat transport

207

(4)

Flow stability

211

(5)

Conclusion

216

(5)

Turbulent Convection: What has Rotation Taught Us?

221

(20)

Joseph Werne

Introduction

221

(1)

Nonrotating Rayleigh-Benard convection

222

(1)

Turbulent convection theories

223

(3)

Priestley's theory

223

(1)

Kadanoff, Zaleski & Zanetti's theory

223

(1)

Shraiman & Siggia's theory

224

(1)

Cautionary comment on scaling theories

224

(1)

She's theory

225

(1)

Yakhot's theory

225

(1)

Rotating Rayleigh-Benard convection

226

(1)

Numerical simulation of rotating convection

226

(10)

Intermittent flow fields

227

(1)

Cyclonic plumes

227

(1)

Ekman pumping

227

(3)

Linear thermal Ekman layer

230

(2)

Nonlinear Ekman spirals

232

(2)

Plume-plume interactions

234

(1)

Rotating hard turbulence

235

(1)

Conclusions

236

(5)

Helical Buoyant Convection

241

(16)

Douglas Lilly

Rotating thunderstorms and tornadoes

241

(3)

Analysis and illustrations

244

(6)

Further discussion

250

(7)

Modeling Mantle Convection: A Significant Challenge in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics

257

(38)

David A. Yuen

S. Balachandar

U. Hansen

Introduction

258

(1)

Model and numerical techniques

259

(5)

Anelastic liquid model

260

(1)

Internal solid-state phase transitions

261

(1)

Thermal-chemical convection

262

(1)

Mantle rheology

263

(1)

Numerical methodologies

264

(1)

Past achievements and computational challenges

264

(5)

Sample past results

265

(3)

Computational requirements

268

(1)

Results

269

(4)

Viscous heating in mantle convection

269

(2)

High Rayleigh number thermal-chemical convection

271

(2)

Perspectives and future directions

273

(22)

Turbulent Transport in Rotating Compressible Convection

295

(14)

Nicholas H. Brummell

Introduction

295

(2)

Local modelling of rotating compressible convection

297

(9)

Turbulent transport of convective energy

299

(3)

Turbulent transport of (angular) momentum

302

(4)

Conclusions

306

(3)

Potential Vorticity, Resonance and Dissipation in Rotating Convective Turbulence

309

(14)

Peter Bartello

Background

310

(2)

Normal mode equations, conservation and resonance

312

(3)

The <GGG> interactions

314

(1)

The <AAA> interactions

314

(1)

The <GAA> interactions

314

(1)

The <GGA> interactions

314

(1)

Numerical Results

315

(5)

Metais et al. (1994) revisited

315

(1)

Simulations with large vertical dissipation

316

(4)

Conclusions

320

(3)

Numerical Simulations of Convection in Protostellar Accretion Disks

323

(22)

William Cabot

Introduction

323

(3)

What are protostellar accretion disks?

323

(1)

Why is convection (potentially) important?

324

(2)

Properties of protostellar disks

326

(1)

General disk properties

326

(1)

Under what conditions do disks become convective?

326

(1)

Simplifying assumptions

327

(1)

Numerical hydrodynamic simulations

327

(5)

Further simplifying assumptions

327

(2)

Governing equations

329

(1)

Boundary conditions

330

(1)

Parameters

331

(1)

Simulation results

332

(4)

Incompressible simulations

332

(1)

Compressible simulations

332

(4)

Discussion

336

(9)

Why does disk convection generate inward transport of angular momentum?

339

(1)

What are the consequences?

340

(1)

What more needs to be done?

341

(1)

Conclusions

342

(3)

A New Model for Turbulence: Convection Rotation and 2D

345

(18)

V.M. Canuto

M.S. Dubovikov

A. Dienstfrey

D.J. Wielaard

Turbulent convection

345

(2)

New stochastic equations

345

(2)

Numerical results

347

(1)

Conclusions

347

(1)

Rotating turbulence

347

(7)

Basic results

347

(5)

2D-3D states in rotating turbulence

352

(1)

Decaying turbulence

353

(1)

Conclusions

354

(1)

2D Turbulence

354

(9)

Basic features

354

(1)

Basic equations. Time evolution of the energy spectrum

354

(1)

Numerical results

355

(2)

Conclusions

357

(6)

Transport Using Transilient Matrices

363

(26)

Roland B. Stull

Jerzy Bartnicki

Introduction

363

(2)

A transilient turbulence parameterization

365

(4)

Mixing potential, Y, first estimate

366

(1)

Influences of nonlocal static stability

366

(1)

Convective overturning and subgrid turbulence

367

(1)

Unequal grid spacing

368

(1)

Transilient matrices

368

(1)

Use of transilient matrices

369

(1)

Turbulent flux and mixed-layer depth

369

(1)

Split time step and the destabilization problem

369

(2)

Calibration

371

(1)

Illustrative model

372

(1)

Simulation results for idealized scenarios

373

(11)

Neutral boundary layer

374

(2)

Unstable (free-convective) mixed layer

376

(1)

Mechanically mixed layer

377

(1)

Both buoyant and mechanically mixed layer

378

(1)

Stable boundary layer

378

(2)

Diurnal cycles of boundary layer forcings (including pollution dispersion)

380

(2)

Discussion

382

(2)

Conclusions

384

(5)

Index

389

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Geophysical & Astrophysical Convection

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials