Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

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ISBN: 9780824708733 | 0824708733
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/25/2002

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A must have reference for any engineer involved with foundations, piers, and retaining walls, this remarkably comprehensive volume illustrates soil characteristic concepts with examples that detail a wealth of practical considerations, It covers the latest developments in the design of drilled pier foundations and mechanically stabilized earth retaining wall and explores a pioneering approach for predicting the nonlinear behavior of laterally loaded long vertical and batter piles. As complete and authoritative as any volume on the subject, it discusses soil formation, index properties, and classification; soil permeability, seepage, and the effect of water on stress conditions; stresses due to surface loads; soil compressibility and consolidation; and shear strength characteristics of soils. While this book is a valuable teaching text for advanced students, it is one that the practicing engineer will continually be taking off the shelf long after school lets out. Just the quick reference it affords to a huge range of tests and the appendices filled with essential data, makes it an essential addition to an civil engineering library.

Foreword

Mark T. Bowers

Foreword

vii

Bengt B. Broms

Preface

Introduction

(4)

General Remarks

(1)

A Brief Historical Development

(1)

Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

(2)

Soil Formation and Characterization

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Rock Classification

(2)

Formation of Soils

(1)

General Types of Soils

(2)

Soil Particle Size and Shape

(2)

Composition of Clay Minerals

(1)

Structure of Clay Minerals

(3)

Clay Particle-Water Relations

(3)

Soil Mass Structure

(2)

Soil Phase Relationships, Index Properties and Classification

(68)

Soil Phase Relationships

(1)

Mass-Volume Relationships

(4)

Weight-Volume Relationships

(1)

Comments on Soil Phase Relationships

(6)

Index Properties of Soils

(1)

The Shape and Size of Particles

(1)

Sieve Analysis

(2)

The Hydrometer Method of Analysis

(8)

Grain Size Distribution Curves

(1)

Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils

(1)

Consistency of Clay Soil

(2)

Determination of Atterberg Limits

(5)

Discussion on Limits and Indices

(7)

Plasticity Chart

(8)

General Considerations for Classification of Soils

(1)

Field Identification of Soils

(1)

Classification of Soils

(1)

Textural Soil Classification

(1)

AASHTO Soil Classification System

(3)

Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)

(3)

Comments on the Systems of Soil Classification

(4)

Problems

(7)

Soil Permeability and Seepage

(56)

Soil Permeability

(2)

Darcy's Law

(1)

Discharge and Seepage Velocities

(1)

Methods of Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity of Soils

(1)

Constant Head Permeability Test

(1)

Falling Head Permeability Test

(4)

Direct Determination of k of Soils in Place by Pumping Test

(4)

Borehole Permeability Tests

101

(1)

Approximate Values of the Hydraulic Conductivity of Soils

102

(1)

Hydraulic Conductivity in Stratified Layers of Soils

102

(1)

Empirical Correlations for Hydraulic Conductivity

103

(9)

Hydraulic Conductivity of Rocks by Packer Method

112

(2)

Seepage

114

(1)

Laplace Equation

114

(2)

Flow Net Construction

116

(4)

Determination of Quantity of Seepage

120

(2)

Determination of Seepage Pressure

122

(1)

Determination of Uplift Pressures

123

(3)

Seepage Flow Through Homogeneous Earth Dams

126

(1)

Flow Net Consisting of Conjugate Confocal Parabolas

127

(4)

Piping Failure

131

(7)

Problems

138

(5)

Effective Stress and Pore Water Pressure

143

(30)

Introduction

143

(2)

Stresses when No Flow Takes Place Through the Saturated Soil Mass

145

(1)

Stresses When Flow Takes Place Through the Soil from Top to Bottom

146

(1)

Stresses When Flow Takes Place Through the Soil from Bottom to Top

147

(2)

Effective Pressure Due to Capillary Water Rise in Soil

149

(21)

Problems

170

(3)

Stress Distribution in Soils Due to Surface Loads

173

(34)

Introduction

173

(1)

Boussinesq's Formula for Point Loads

174

(1)

Westergaard's Formula for Point Loads

175

(3)

Line Loads

178

(1)

Strip Loads

179

(2)

Stresses Beneath the Corner of a Rectangular Foundation

181

(5)

Stresses Under Uniformly Loaded Circular Footing

186

(2)

Vertical Stress Beneath Loaded Areas of Irregular Shape

188

(3)

Embankment Loadings

191

(6)

Approximate Methods for Computing σz

197

(1)

Pressure Isobars

198

(5)

Problems

203

(4)

Compressibility and Consolidation

207

(46)

Introduction

207

(1)

Consolidation

208

(4)

Consolidometer

212

(1)

The Standard One-Dimensional Consolidation Test

213

(1)

Pressure-Void Ratio Curves

214

(4)

Determination of Preconsolidation Pressure

218

(1)

e-log p Field Curves for Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays of Low to Medium Sensitivity

219

(1)

Computation of Consolidation Settlement

219

(5)

Settlement Due to Secondary Compression

224

(9)

Rate of One-dimensional Consolidation Theory of Terzaghi

233

(7)

Determination of the Coefficient of Consolidation

240

(2)

Rate of Settlement Due to Consolidation

242

(1)

Two- and Three-dimensional Consolidation Problems

243

(4)

Problems

247

(6)

Shear Strength of Soil

253

(64)

Introduction

253

(1)

Basic Concept of Shearing Resistance and Shearing Strength

253

(1)

The Coulomb Equation

254

(1)

Methods of Determining Shear Strength Parameters

255

(1)

Shear Test Apparatus

256

(4)

Stress Condition at a Point in a Soil Mass

260

(2)

Stress Conditions in Soil During Triaxial Compression Test

262

(1)

Relationship Between the Principal Stresses and Cohesion c

263

(1)

Mohr Circle of Stress

264

(1)

Mohr Circle of Stress When a Prismatic Element is Subjected to Normal and Shear Stresses

265

(1)

Mohr Circle of Stress for a Cylindrical Specimen Compression Test

266

(2)

Mohr-Coulomb Failure Theory

268

(1)

Mohr Diagram for Triaxial Compression Test at Failure

269

(1)

Mohr Diagram for a Direct Shear Test at Failure

270

(4)

Effective Stresses

274

(1)

Shear Strength Equation in Terms of Effective Principal Stresses

275

(1)

Stress-Controlled and Strain-Controlled Tests

276

(1)

Types of Laboratory Tests

276

(2)

Shearing Strength Tests on Sand

278

(6)

Unconsolidated-Undrained Test

284

(2)

Unconfined Compression Tests

286

(8)

Consolidated-Undrained Test on Saturated Clay

294

(2)

Consolidated-Drained Shear Strength Test

296

(2)

Pore Pressure Parameters Under Undrained Loading

298

(2)

Vane Shear Tests

300

(2)

Other Methods for Determining Undrained Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils

302

(2)

The Relationship Between Undrained Shear Strength and Effective Overburden Pressure

304

(6)

General Comments

310

(1)

Questions and Problems

311

(6)

Soil Exploration

317

(48)

Introduction

317

(1)

Boring of Holes

318

(4)

Sampling in Soil

322

(3)

Rock Core Sampling

325

(2)

Standard Penetration Test

327

(3)

SPT Values Related to Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils

330

(1)

SPT Values Related to Consistency of Clay Soil

330

(2)

Static Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

332

(11)

Pressuremeter

343

(6)

The Flat Dilatometer Test

349

(2)

Field Vane Shear Test (VST)

351

(1)

Field Plate Load Test (PLT)

351

(1)

Geophysical Exploration

352

(6)

Planning of Soil Exploration

358

(1)

Execution of Soil Exploration Program

359

(2)

Report

361

(1)

Problems

362

(3)

Stability of Slopes

365

(54)

Introduction

365

(2)

General Considerations and Assumptions in the Analysis

367

(1)

Factor of Safety

368

(3)

Stability Analysis of Infinite Slopes in Sand

371

(1)

Stability Analysis of Infinite Slopes in Clay

372

(4)

Methods of Stability Analysis of Slopes of Finite Height

376

(1)

Plane Surface of Failure

376

(2)

Circular Surfaces of Failure

378

(2)

Failure Under Undrained Conditions (φu = 0)

380

(2)

Friction-Circle Method

382

(7)

Taylor's Stability Number

389

(4)

Tension Cracks

393

(1)

Stability Analysis by Method of Slices for Steady Seepage

393

(7)

Bishop's Simplified Method of Slices

400

(3)

Bishop and Morgenstern Method for Slope Analysis

403

(2)

Morgenstern Method of Analysis for Rapid Drawdown Condition

405

(3)

Spencer Method of Analysis

408

(3)

Problems

411

(8)

Lateral Earth Pressure

419

(62)

Introduction

419

(1)

Lateral Earth Pressure Theory

420

(1)

Lateral Earth Pressure for at Rest Condition

421

(4)

Rankine's States of Plastic Equilibrium for Cohesionless Soils

425

(3)

Rankine's Earth Pressure Against Smooth Vertical Wall with Cohesionless Backfill

428

(12)

Rankine's Active Earth Pressure with Cohesive Backfill

440

(9)

Rankine's Passive Earth Pressure with Cohesive Backfill

449

(3)

Coulomb's Earth Pressure Theory for Sand for Active State

452

(3)

Coulomb's Earth Pressure Theory for Sand for Passive State

455

(1)

Active Pressure by Culmann's Method for Cohesionless Soils

456

(2)

Lateral Pressures by Theory of Elasticity for Surcharge Loads on the Surface of Backfill

458

(4)

Curved Surfaces of Failure for Computing Passive Earth Pressure

462

(2)

Coefficients of Passive Earth Pressure Tables and Graphs

464

(3)

Lateral Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls During Earthquakes

467

(9)

Problems

476

(5)

Shallow Foundation I: Ultimate Bearing Capacity

481

(64)

Introduction

481

(2)

The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil

483

(1)

Some of the Terms Defined

483

(2)

Types of Failure in Soil

485

(2)

An Overview of Bearing Capacity Theories

487

(1)

Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory

488

(5)

Skempton's Bearing Capacity Factor Nc

493

(1)

Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity

494

(9)

The General Bearing Capacity Equation

503

(6)

Effect of Soil Compressibility on Bearing Capacity of Soil

509

(6)

Bearing Capacity of Foundations Subjected to Eccentric Loads

515

(3)

Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Footings Based on SPT Values (N)

518

(1)

The CPT Method of Determining Ultimate Bearing Capacity

518

(3)

Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Footings Resting on Stratified Deposits of Soil

521

(8)

Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Top of a Slope

529

(3)

Foundations on Rock

532

(1)

Case History of Failure of the Transcona Grain Elevator

533

(3)

Problems

536

(9)

Shallow Foundation II: Safe Bearing Pressure and Settlement Calculation

545

(40)

Introduction

545

(3)

Field Plate Load Tests

548

(6)

Effect of Size of Footings on Settlement

554

(1)

Design Charts from SPT Values for Footings on Sand

555

(3)

Empirical Equations Based on SPT Values for Footings on Cohesionless Soils

558

(1)

Safe Bearing Pressure from Empirical Equations Based on CPT Values for Footings on Cohesionless Soil

559

(2)

Foundation Settlement

561

(1)

Evaluation of Modulus of Elasticity

562

(2)

Methods of Computing Settlements

564

(1)

Elastic Settlement Beneath the Corner of a Uniformly Loaded Flexible Area Based on the Theory of Elasticity

565

(3)

Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli's Method of Determining Elastic Settlement Under Undrained Conditions

568

(1)

Schmertmann's Method of Calculating Settlement in Granular Soils by Using CPT Values

569

(6)

Estimation of Consolidation Settlement by Using Oedometer Test Data

575

(1)

Skempton-Bjerrum Method of Calculating Consolidation Settlement (1957)

576

(4)

Problems

580

(5)

Shallow Foundation III: Combined Footings and Mat Foundations

585

(20)

Introduction

585

(2)

Safe Bearing Pressures for Mat Foundations on Sand and Clay

587

(1)

Eccentric Loading

588

(1)

The Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction

588

(3)

Proportioning of Cantilever Footing

591

(1)

Design of Combined Footings by Rigid Method (Conventional Method)

592

(1)

Design of Mat Foundation by Rigid Method

593

(1)

Design of Combined Footings by Elastic Line Method

594

(1)

Design of Mat Foundations by Elastic Plate Method

595

(1)

Floating Foundation

595

(8)

Problems

603

(2)

Deep Foundation I: Pile Foundation

605

(94)

Introduction

605

(1)

Classification of Piles

605

(1)

Types of Piles According to the Method of Installation

606

(2)

Uses of Piles

608

(1)

Selection of Pile

609

(1)

Installation of Piles

610

(3)

Vertical Load Bearing Capacity of a Single Vertical Pile

613

(1)

General Considerations

613

(4)

Methods of Determining Ultimate Load Bearing Capacity of a Single Vertical Pile

617

(1)

General Theory for Ultimate Bearing Capacity

618

(2)

Ultimate Bearing Capacity in Cohesionless Soils

620

(1)

Critical Depth

621

(1)

Tomlinson's Solution for Qb in Sand

622

(2)

Meyerhof's Method of Determining Qb for Piles in Sand

624

(1)

Vesic's Method of Determining Qb

625

(3)

Janbu's Method of Determining Qb

628

(1)

Coyle and Castello's Method of Estimating Qb in Sand

628

(1)

The Ultimate Skin Resistance of a Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil

629

(2)

Skin Resistance Qf by Coyle and Castello Method (1981)

631

(1)

Static Bearing Capacity of Piles in Clay Soil

631

(4)

Bearing Capacity of Piles in Granular Soils Based on SPT Value

635

(17)

Bearing Capacity of Piles Based on Static Cone Penetration Tests (CPT)

652

(11)

Bearing Capacity of a Single Pile by Load Test

663

(3)

Pile Bearing Capacity from Dynamic Pile Driving Formulas

666

(4)

Bearing Capacity of Piles Founded on a Rocky Bed

670

(1)

Uplift Resistance of Piles

671

(3)

Pile Group

674

(1)

Number and Spacing of Piles in a Group

674

(2)

Pile Group Efficiency

676

(2)

Vertical Bearing Capacity of Pile Groups Embedded in Sands and Gravels

678

(3)

Settlement of Piles and Pile Groups in Sands and Gravels

681

(8)

Settlement of Pile Groups in Cohesive Soils

689

(1)

Allowable Loads on Groups of Piles

690

(2)

Negative Friction

692

(2)

Uplift Capacity of a Pile Group

694

(2)

Problems

696

(3)

Deep Foundation II: Behavior of Laterally Loaded Vertical and Batter Piles

699

(42)

Introduction

699

(1)

Winkler's Hypothesis

700

(1)

The Differential Equation

701

(3)

Non-dimensional Solutions for Vertical Piles Subjected to Lateral Loads

704

(2)

p-y Curves for the Solution of Laterally Loaded Piles

706

(3)

Broms' Solutions for Laterally Loaded Piles

709

(7)

A Direct Method for Solving the Non-linear Behavior of Laterally Loaded Flexible Pile Problems

716

(6)

Case Studies for Laterally Loaded Vertical Piles in Sand

722

(3)

Case Studies for Laterally Loaded Vertical Piles in Clay

725

(6)

Behavior of Laterally Loaded Batter Piles in Sand

731

(8)

Problems

739

(2)

Deep Foundation III: Drilled Pier Foundations

741

(50)

Introduction

741

(1)

Types of Drilled Piers

741

(2)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Drilled Pier Foundations

743

(1)

Methods of Construction

743

(8)

Design Considerations

751

(1)

Load Transfer Mechanism

752

(2)

Vertical Bearing Capacity of Drilled Piers

754

(1)

The General Bearing Capacity Equation for the Base Resistance qb (= qmax)

755

(1)

Bearing Capacity Equations for the Base in Cohesive Soil

756

(1)

Bearing Capacity Equation for the Base in Granular Soil

756

(3)

Bearing Capacity Equations for the Base in Cohesive IGM or Rock

759

(1)

The Ultimate Skin Resistance of Cohesive and Intermediate Materials

760

(3)

Ultimate Skin Resistance in Cohesionless Soil and Gravelly Sands

763

(1)

Ultimate Side and Total Resistance in Rock

764

(1)

Estimation of Settlements of Drilled Piers at Working Loads

765

(12)

Uplift Capacity of Drilled Piers

777

(2)

Lateral Bearing Capacity of Drilled Piers

779

(8)

Case Study of a Drilled Pier Subjected to Lateral Loads

787

(1)

Problems

787

(4)

Foundations on Collapsible and Expansive Soils

791

(42)

General Considerations

791

(2)

Collapsible Soils

793

(1)

General Observations

793

(2)

Collapse Potential and Settlement

795

(1)

Computation of Collapse Settlement

796

(3)

Foundation Design

799

(1)

Treatment Methods for Collapsible Soils

800

(1)

Expansive Soils

800

(1)

Distribution of Expansive Soils

800

(1)

General Characteristics of Swelling Soils

801

(2)

Clay Mineralogy and Mechanism of Swelling

803

(1)

Definition of Some Parameters

804

(1)

Evaluation of the Swelling Potential of Expansive Soils by Single Index Method

804

(2)

Classification of Swelling Soils by Indirect Measurement

806

(6)

Swelling Pressure by Direct Measurement

812

(1)

Effect of Initial Moisture Content and Initial Dry Density on Swelling Pressure

813

(1)

Estimating the Magnitude of Swelling

814

(3)

Design of Foundations in Swelling Soils

817

(1)

Drilled Pier Foundations

817

(10)

Elimination of Swelling

827

(1)

Problems

828

(5)

Concrete and Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls

833

(48)

Concrete Retaining Walls

833

(1)

Introduction

833

(1)

Conditions Under Which Rankine and Coulomb Formulas Are Applicable to Retaining Walls Under the Active State

833

(2)

Proportioning of Retaining Walls

835

(1)

Earth Pressure Charts for Retaining Walls

836

(3)

Stability of Retaining Walls

839

(10)

Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls

849

(1)

General Considerations

849

(2)

Backfill and Reinforcing Materials

851

(4)

Construction Details

855

(2)

Design Considerations for a Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall

857

(2)

Design Method

859

(4)

External Stability

863

(12)

Examples of Measured Lateral Earth Pressures

875

(2)

Problems

877

(4)

Sheet Pile Walls and Braced Cuts

881

(70)

Introduction

881

(2)

Sheet Pile Structures

883

(1)

Free Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls

883

(2)

Depth of Embedment of Cantilever Walls in Sandy Soils

885

(11)

Depth of Embedment of Cantilever Walls in Cohesive Soils

896

(12)

Anchored Bulkhead: Free-Earth Support Method---Depth of Embedment of Anchored Sheet Piles in Granular Soils

908

(5)

Design Charts for Anchored Bulkheads in Sand

913

(3)

Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet Pile Walls

916

(9)

Anchorage of Bulkheads

925

(6)

Braced Cuts

931

(4)

Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution on Braced-Cuts

935

(3)

Stability of Braced Cuts in Saturated Clay

938

(2)

Bjerrum and Eide Method of Analysis

940

(5)

Piping Failures in Sand Cuts

945

(1)

Problems

945

(6)

Soil Improvement

951

(36)

Introduction

951

(1)

Mechanical Compaction

952

(1)

Laboratory Tests on Compaction

953

(6)

Effect of Compaction on Engineering Behavior

959

(3)

Field Compaction and Control

962

(11)

Compaction for Deeper Layers of Soil

973

(1)

Preloading

974

(6)

Sand Compaction Piles and Stone Columns

980

(1)

Soil Stabilization by the Use of Admixtures

981

(2)

Soil Stabilization by Injection of Suitable Grouts

983

(1)

Problems

983

(4)

Appendix A SI Units in Geotechnical Engineering

987

(6)

Appendix B Slope Stability Charts and Tables

993

(14)

References

1007

(18)

Index

1025

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Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

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Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering

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Table of Contents

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