German Industry and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company

, by Werner Abelshauser , Wolfgang von Hippel , Jeffrey Allan Johnson , Raymond G. Stokes

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ISBN: 9780521827263 | 0521827264
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/10/2003

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This corporate history of BASF offers a view of the functioning of an industrial organization that has managed to thrive and expand since 1865. Moreover, it reveals much about the reasons for the extraordinary economic dynamics of the German empire and the enormous expansion of the world economy before World War I. It permits the probing of the origins and spread of the knowledge society, in which science and research-based innovation have become the key determinants of economic growth and social development. Accordingly, BASF's history developed at the core of Germany's wartime economy during both world wars and highlights its strengths as well as its weaknesses.

Introduction by the Editor

(1)

From New Industry to the New Economy

(4)

I Becoming a Global Corporation - BASF from 1865 to 1900

(110)

Wolfgang von Hippel

1. The Prehistory

(8)

Friedrich Engelhorn - Pioneering Enterpreneurship

(2)

A Massive Market - The Beautiful World of the New Dyestuffs

(3)

One of the First Coal-Tar Dye Factories in Germany

(3)

2. The Early Years (1865-1873)

(21)

Mannheim or Ludwigshafen? The Dramatic Establishment of the Corporation

(4)

The Large-Scale Project to Begin Anew in Ludwigshafen

(4)

From Imitation to Independent Research - Heinrich Caro

(3)

The First Synthesis of a Natural Dyestuff: Alizarin

(5)

On an Expansion Course: The Fusion with the Stuttgart Firms of Knosp and Siegle in 1873

(5)

3. Between Science and the Marketplace - BASF in the "Dyestuffs Age," 1873-1900

(79)

An Overview

(2)

The Centers of Developments - Top Management and Organizational Problems

(12)

The Heart of the Company - Research and Production

(2)

Science as a Factor of Production - Laboratory Work

(3)

The Stony Path to the Marketplace - Dyeing Works as Testing Stations

(2)

"The Age of Dyestuffs" I: Aniline Dyes

(2)

"The Age of Dyestuffs" II: Azo-dyes

(4)

"The Age of Dyestuffs" III: Alizarin Dyes

(2)

"The Age of Dyestuffs" IV: Indigo

(5)

A Promising Future as a Supplier to the Industry: Inorganic Production

(2)

Structural Development, Technical Service Facilities

(4)

The Ecological Costs of Production - Environmental Problems?

(3)

Intellectual Property as a Factor of Production: Patent Issues

(3)

Integration into the Marketplace

(11)

The Expression of Economic Success: Sales Turnover, Markets, and Profits and Their Use

(9)

The Human Factor in Production: Firm Personnel - High-Ranking Salaried Employees ("Beamte") and Workers

102

(10)

Economy and Politics

112

(3)

II The Power of Synthesis (1900-1925)

Jeffrey Allan Johnson

1. A Company in Transition

115

(12)

BASF at the Paris World Exposition of 1900

115

(2)

Changes in Corporate Leadership Circa 1900

117

(2)

The Victory of Synthetic Indigo

119

(2)

New Products: Paths Taken and Not Taken

121

(6)

2. From the Dreibund to von Brunk's Death (1904-1911)

127

(24)

The Dreibund: Concentration, Conflict, and Organizational Change

127

(9)

Innovation and Marketing in Dyestuffs

136

(6)

Innovation and Academic-Industrial Collaboration: From Dye Chemistry to Nitrates

142

(4)

Workers' and Employees' Movements

146

(4)

The End of the von Brunck Era

150

(1)

3. From Oppau to Leurra: Synthetic Ammonia and War (1912-1918)

151

(26)

The Ammonia Synthesis, 1912-1914

151

(6)

BASF on the Eve of the War, 1912-1914

157

(3)

Mars Rising: Entering the War Economy

160

(5)

The Leurra Project

165

(6)

Wartime Reorganization: The Expanded IG

171

(2)

From Labor Truce to Mass Protest: The Workforce at War

173

(4)

4. From Crisis to Fusion (1919-1925)

177

(29)

Defeat and Revolution: New Leadership Facing Postwar Challenges

177

(6)

Stark Realities of the Peace Terms: Occupation, Technology Transfer, Reparations

183

(6)

Postwar Marketing and Innovation

189

(4)

Labor Conflicts and the Catastrophic Explosion in Oppau

193

(8)

From Crisis to Fusion (1922-1925)

201

(5)

III From the IG Farben Fusion to the Establishment of BASF AG (1925-1952)

206

(156)

Raymond G. Stokes

1. Introduction

206

(6)

BASF in the IG Period: Overview and Initial Hypotheses

207

(5)

2. Fitting into the New Concern, 1925-1929

212

(23)

Organizational Change and the IG

214

(6)

The Upper Rhine Group in the Initial IG Period: Organization and Relationships with Other IG Plants

220

(2)

Trends in Production

222

(8)

Research and Development

230

(3)

Work and the Workforce

233

(2)

3. Coping with the Crisis, 1919-1933

235

(15)

Reorganizing the Trust and the Group in the Wake of the Crisis

236

(3)

Production Trends

239

(4)

Downsizing

243

(4)

Politicization of the German Chemical Industry and the Upper Rhine Group

247

(3)

4. Accommodation and Conflict, 1933-1936

250

(23)

The National Socialist Seizure of Power, the Trust, and the Group

251

(13)

Recovery in Production and Trends in R&D

264

(6)

Social and Labor Policy in the Factories

270

(3)

5. Autarky and Preparation for War, 1936-1939

273

(20)

The Four Year Plan Organization and Preparation for War

273

(9)

Production, Sales, and Research Trends

282

(7)

Work, the Workforce, and National Socialist Ideology and Practice

289

(4)

6. The Upper Rhine Group in German-Dominated Europe, 1939-1942

293

(20)

The National Socialist New Order and the Upper Rhine Group

294

(12)

War Production and Investment

306

(4)

Labor

310

(3)

7. The BASF Group in Total War, 1942-1945

313

(22)

Total War and the Upper Rhine Group Factories

314

(1)

Production Trends

315

(7)

Labor

322

(6)

The Upper Rhine Group and IG Auschwitz

328

(4)

Destruction and Postwar Planning

332

(3)

8. From Occupation to Refounding, 1945-1952

335

(27)

The Impact of the War on the BASF Factories

336

(10)

Production and Investment under French Occupation

346

(9)

The Workforce and the Re-emergence of Labor Unionism

355

(2)

The Breakup of the IG Farben Trust and the Refounding of BASF

357

(5)

IV BASF Since Its Refounding in 1952

362

(259)

Werner Abelshauser

1. The Past Has a Future: Launching BASF Anew

362

(14)

The Refounding

362

(5)

Disincorporation

367

(4)

Rebirth

371

(5)

2. Corporate Culture: Tradition as a Resource?

376

(59)

Rules and Context: The Social System of Production

376

(2)

Strategy and Structure: Corporate Leadership

378

(10)

Consistency and Flexibility: Financing

388

(9)

Control and Trust: Shareholder Relations

397

(12)

Partnership and Conflict: Industrial Relations

409

(8)

Costs and Benefits: Plant Policy with a Social Bent

417

(11)

Research, Technology, Application: Customized Quality Production

428

(7)

3. Old Markets, New Basis: Early Breakthrough to Petrochemistry

435

(19)

Old and New Markets

435

(6)

The Founding of the Rhenish Olefin Works

441

(9)

Breakthrough

450

(4)

4. Tradition and Distance: The Second Breakup of IG Farben

454

(19)

Distance

454

(3)

Cooperation

457

(3)

Reintegration

460

(5)

The Second Breakup

465

(8)

5. The Way to the Top: Strategic Decisions

473

(14)

Orientation Problems

473

(5)

Profit Can Be Planned, or the Will to Greatness

478

(5)

Interlocking Production Operations on a Large Scale, or a New Technological Paradigm

483

(4)

6. One, Two, Many "Ludwigshafens": The Integrated Production System and the Siting Issue

487

(26)

The Ludwigshafen Site

487

(4)

Looking for the Second "Ludwigshafen"

491

(5)

Ludwigshafen Is Everywhere: Exporting a Model

496

(4)

Challenge I: Nuclear Power Plant

500

(7)

Challenge II: Environmental Protection

507

(6)

7. Learning from the United States? From Joint Venture to Verbund

513

(30)

Staying Power: Joint Venture with Dow

513

(4)

Caught Together, Hanged Together: Entering the Fiber Business

517

(10)

Battle of Cultures: The Tug-of-War over Dow Badische

527

(11)

Exporting a Model: Consolidation through the Verbund

538

(5)

8. Crisis and Consolidation

543

(30)

BASF: Badische Annulment and Suspension Factory

543

(8)

A Calamitous End: The Collapse of Phrix

551

(9)

Upheaval and Persistence: Corporate Reorganization

560

(13)

9. No Weary Shop of Raw Materials: Forward Integration and Acquisition

573

(41)

Off to New Shores

573

(4)

Tape Recorders I: The Struggle for the U.S. Market

577

(6)

Tape Recorders II: The "National Champion" on the Defensive

583

(7)

Lacquer: Defensive Forward Integration

590

(9)

Pharmaceuticals: The Early Bird...

599

(11)

Back to the Roots

610

(4)

10. Upheaval and Persistence

614

(7)

Toward the Transnational Company

614

(5)

The Road to New Industry: Old Industry or "New Economy"?

619

(2)

Appendix Trade Volume and Profits of BASF since its Founding in 1865

621

(8)

Bibliography

629

(14)

Index of Archives

643

(2)

Index of Corporations

645

(6)

Index of Persons

651

(6)

Index of Products and Processes

657

(8)

Subject Index

665

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German Industry and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company

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